How Gophers Restored Plant Life to a Volcano-Ravaged Mountain - in One Day. (phys.org) 55
When a volcano erupted in 1980 about 70 miles from Portland, "lava incinerated anything living for miles around," remembers an announcement from the University of California at Riverside. But "As an experiment, scientists later dropped gophers onto parts of the scorched mountain for only 24 hours.
"The benefits from that single day were undeniable — and still visible 40 years later." Once the blistering blast of ash and debris cooled, scientists theorized that, by digging up beneficial bacteria and fungi, gophers might be able to help regenerate lost plant and animal life on the mountain. Two years after the eruption, they tested this theory. "They're often considered pests, but we thought they would take old soil, move it to the surface, and that would be where recovery would occur," said UC Riverside microbiologist Michael Allen.
They were right. But the scientists did not expect the benefits of this experiment would still be visible in the soil today, in 2024. A paper out this week in the journal Frontiers in Microbiomes details an enduring change in the communities of fungi and bacteria where gophers had been, versus nearby land where they were never introduced. "In the 1980s, we were just testing the short-term reaction," said Allen. "Who would have predicted you could toss a gopher in for a day and see a residual effect 40 years later?"
In 1983, Allen and Utah State University's James McMahon helicoptered to an area where the lava had turned the land into collapsing slabs of porous pumice. At that time, there were only about a dozen plants that had learned to live on these slabs. A few seeds had been dropped by birds, but the resulting seedlings struggled. After scientists dropped a few local gophers on two pumice plots for a day, the land exploded again with new life. Six years post-experiment, there were 40,000 plants thriving on the gopher plots. The untouched land remained mostly barren.
All this was possible because of what isn't always visible to the naked eye. Mycorrhizal fungi penetrate into plant root cells to exchange nutrients and resources. They can help protect plants from pathogens in the soil, and critically, by providing nutrients in barren places, they help plants establish themselves and survive.
Mycorrhizal fungi also helped an old-growth forest survive, accoridng to the researchers — even after volcano ash had caused them to drop their needles...
"The benefits from that single day were undeniable — and still visible 40 years later." Once the blistering blast of ash and debris cooled, scientists theorized that, by digging up beneficial bacteria and fungi, gophers might be able to help regenerate lost plant and animal life on the mountain. Two years after the eruption, they tested this theory. "They're often considered pests, but we thought they would take old soil, move it to the surface, and that would be where recovery would occur," said UC Riverside microbiologist Michael Allen.
They were right. But the scientists did not expect the benefits of this experiment would still be visible in the soil today, in 2024. A paper out this week in the journal Frontiers in Microbiomes details an enduring change in the communities of fungi and bacteria where gophers had been, versus nearby land where they were never introduced. "In the 1980s, we were just testing the short-term reaction," said Allen. "Who would have predicted you could toss a gopher in for a day and see a residual effect 40 years later?"
In 1983, Allen and Utah State University's James McMahon helicoptered to an area where the lava had turned the land into collapsing slabs of porous pumice. At that time, there were only about a dozen plants that had learned to live on these slabs. A few seeds had been dropped by birds, but the resulting seedlings struggled. After scientists dropped a few local gophers on two pumice plots for a day, the land exploded again with new life. Six years post-experiment, there were 40,000 plants thriving on the gopher plots. The untouched land remained mostly barren.
All this was possible because of what isn't always visible to the naked eye. Mycorrhizal fungi penetrate into plant root cells to exchange nutrients and resources. They can help protect plants from pathogens in the soil, and critically, by providing nutrients in barren places, they help plants establish themselves and survive.
Mycorrhizal fungi also helped an old-growth forest survive, accoridng to the researchers — even after volcano ash had caused them to drop their needles...
As a resident of Washington state (Score:5, Funny)
It seems a little weird to use Portland as a point of reference when talking about a well-known mountain in my state. But admittedly it's technically correct (the best kind of correct).
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Actually this is all based on research from the pioneer in the field Richard Gere.
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Re:As a resident of Washington state (Score:5, Interesting)
There has to be a reason to not reference it as Mt. St. Helen's eruption, probably the most famous in the US since then, or long before.
My two favorite Mt. St. Helen's stories are Harry S Truman, an old man who refused to leave his mountainside house. He's under gigatons of rock now.
And in 1980, "Drive 55" was still in force. Some were pushing for regulators on cars to limit their max speed. But after the eruption, one guy said he sped down the mountain at 110 mph, zooming past a guy who was "only" doing 70. He lived. Mr. 70 died. And that was that for regulators.
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You can see St Helens from Portland, it's the nearest big city, it doesn't really matter where the state line is if you're mentioning the nearest city.
And because of terrain, you're more likely to have a good view from Portland than from Vancouver, WA. But Vancouver isn't a reasonable city to choose as a reference, since it is a suburb.
We gofers are people too! (Score:5, Funny)
My dad used to warn me, "If you don't study hard, you'll become a worthless gofer". I mostly ignored him and failed grammer and spailing. But here we reed about gofers doing something vary useful! Your rong Dad!
I'm sure there a Caddyshack joke there somewhere (Score:2)
But I'm not quite sure what it is...
If gophers can turn barren land rapidly productive, maybe we should drop them on the US Capital.
Re: I'm sure there a Caddyshack joke there somewhe (Score:2)
Wouldn't work. They'd be out competed by that more aggressive rodent species: rats.
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Re: I'm sure there a Caddyshack joke there somewh (Score:1)
I understand that my metaphorical connotations may have misrepresented the biological characteristics of gophers and rats, but could you offer your thoughts on the remote possibility that my statement was a FUCKING JOKE?
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Caddyshack had it all wrong! (Score:2)
The gophers were helping the golf course!
"Licensed to kill gophers by the government of the United Nations. A man, free to kill gophers at will. To kill, you must know your enemy, and in this case my enemy is a varmint. And a varmint will never quit - ever. " Carl Spackler
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Posting petty insults AC? Pathetic.
How do you ... (Score:4, Funny)
scientists later dropped gophers onto parts of the scorched mountain for only 24 hours.
... recall them after the day is up?
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See Snake Pliskin.
Re:How do you ... (Score:4, Funny)
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PPH pondered
... recall them after the day is up?
Glad to see I wasn't the only one to pick that out. I was wondering if it was like mines now. Timers set for longer then area denial is needed, then they explode themselves after the time is up. (And there's the Carl Spackler reference someone was looking for.)
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I'm a fan of Gopher Gassers myself. I didn't start this way. I tried lots of non-lethal options, some kind of Dune-like thumper, essential oils in various forms, dogs, one day I dug up about half the yard trying to track them down, it was really getting into caddy shack territory. Then I tried a gopher gasser, waited until one popped up then pushed the gasser in after it. Did that twice, no more gopher problem.
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A ferret works well. But then you have a ferret problem . . .
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Yes, but it wiggled and jiggled and giggled inside her . . .
If you get the reference you're probably as old as I am.
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Or just going 'round the twist.
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Image what the protocol could do for the internet (Score:4, Informative)
I thought this was an posting on bring back the Gopher Protocol:
The Gopher protocol is a communication protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents in Internet Protocol networks. The design of the Gopher protocol and user interface is menu-driven, and presented an alternative to the World Wide Web in its early stages, but ultimately fell into disfavor, yielding to Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The Gopher ecosystem is often regarded as the effective predecessor of the World Wide Web.
Now you kids get off my lawn.
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The Gopher protocol
Brings back memories. Remember getting a yelling at from someone that wanted email exchanges to go faster (usually flipped twice a day, depended on the UUCP config but I don't remember more than that) because their email was extremely important, secret, vital to be received, and time sensitive. I talked to the Dean, told him to tell his professor to use a fax for anything that was extremely important, or secret, or absolutely had to be received, or time sensitive.
Long story short - they were playing chess b
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I sometimes wonder if UUCP could still have applications as a sort of emergency backup type protocol. Say, WW-III drops all the sattelites and punches holes all through the internet, servers could in theory be hooked back up to jerry-rigged/macguivered copper phone networks and blast email packages at each other over modems like we used to do in the 1200baud days. BBSs keeping post-apocalyptic humanity connected and all that. First step to restoring government and thus society.
Back at uni I did this really
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I thought this was an posting on bring back the Gopher Protocol:
The Gopher protocol is a communication protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents in Internet Protocol networks. The design of the Gopher protocol and user interface is menu-driven, and presented an alternative to the World Wide Web in its early stages, but ultimately fell into disfavor, yielding to Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The Gopher ecosystem is often regarded as the effective predecessor of the World Wide Web.
Now you kids get off my lawn.
Because people like pretty graphical interfaces that show pictures & pr0n videos ... not simple functional utilitarian apps.
Re: Image what the protocol could do for the inter (Score:2)
Gopher can transfer HTML pages with all the images you want... And by the way, it still works. There are a few Gopher sites still in operation.
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Gopher can transfer HTML pages with all the images you want... And by the way, it still works. There are a few Gopher sites still in operation.
Thank you for the reminder. It has been DECADES since I last used Gopher.
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Surprising. (Score:2)
Sure, if you want results within hours small burrowers seem like an unbeatable candidate; but it's much more surprising that even several decades later there would still be a layer of basically free real estate that apparently no mycelial networks, miscellaneous free-living microb
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The important fungal species are mycorrhizal, they're symbiotic with plant roots. So in the "slow way," the life of the host, usually a tree, is the generational unit. So even though fungal cells live and die on a shorter time scale, the direct spread is very slow and requires nearly-overlapping root systems.
Meanwhile, these mycellia are sending up fruiting bodies, aka mushrooms, to spread spores. But those spores land on the surface. burrowing animals are what typically get them underground. A mushroom spo
Impressive work (Score:5, Interesting)
I volunteer all my gophers (Score:2)
Please, come take them. Take them all!
Verdun (Score:2)
Gophers have chewed up my back yard virtually beyond repair.
I spent two weeks digging for tunnels, smoke bombing, and setting traps for one that got into my front yard last month before finally dispatching it. The front yard looked like Verdun afterwards.
"When a volcano erupted" (Score:2)
Where did that very recent affectation of failing to name subjects early come from? Why is "When Mt. Saint Helens erupted" not used instead?
More lazy "editing" as usual.
What? No Caddyshack jokes? (Score:2)
I thought for sure there would be jokes about Bill Murray blowing up gopher holes by now.
Go, go gophers (Score:2)
Watch 'em go, go go!
Impressive.. (Score:2)
Anonymous volcano headline (Score:1)