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Science

Evolutionary Anthropologist Busts Myths About How Humans Burn Calories (science.org) 192

Herman Pontzer, a biological anthropologist at the Pontzer lab at Duke University, works with his colleagues to "systematically measure the total energy used per day by animals and people in various walks of life," reports Science.org. "The answers coming from their data are often surprising: Exercise doesn't help you burn more energy on average; active hunter-gatherers in Africa don't expend more energy daily than sedentary office workers in Illinois; pregnant women don't burn more calories per day than other adults, after adjusting for body mass." Here's an excerpt from the report: Pontzer's skill as a popularizer can rankle some of his colleagues. His message that exercise won't help you lose weight "lacks nuance," says exercise physiologist John Thyfault of the University of Kansas Medical Center, who says it may nudge dieters into less healthy habits. But others say besides busting myths about human energy expenditure, Pontzer's work offers a new lens for understanding human physiology and evolution. As he wrote in Burn, "In the economics of life, calories are the currency." "His work is revolutionary," says paleoanthropologist Leslie Aiello, past president of the Wenner-Gren Foundation, which has funded Pontzer's work. "We now have data ... that has given us a completely new framework for how we think about how humans adapted to energetic limits."
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Evolutionary Anthropologist Busts Myths About How Humans Burn Calories

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  • Doesn't surprise me (Score:5, Informative)

    by skam240 ( 789197 ) on Friday February 18, 2022 @02:29AM (#62279215)

    This doesn't surprise me at all. While my older brother packed on massive weight starting in his late twenties I completely avoided such things strictly by changing my diet. Cutting carbs and refine sugar is the exact difference between my obese brother and myself in regards to weight and general health. While I'm just now starting to work out more to balance my weight there was no difference in physical activity for either if ua for quite some time.

    • This has absolutely nothing to do with diet. The entire point of the article is that the diet doesn't really have that much of an effect and neither does the exercise. The findings here were that human beings would find ways to compensate for a minimum number of calories versus a high amount of physical activity. So that an office worker in Chicago burns the same number of calories as a hunter-gatherer in Tanzania. That particular finding has been repeated several times now according to the article and the
      • The theory is the stress response experienced by the office worker is resulting in a much higher caloric burn even though the raw physical activity isn't there

        Either that, or...

        Humans burn most of their calories maintaining their body temperature. Somebody sitting in an air conditioned office can easily burn as many calories as somebody in a hot country.

        (no, that doesn't mean that 'cold' is a diet, your body can easily shut down blood flow to the surface, etc., it's only the core and brain that absolutely needs to be at 37 degrees C)

        • The brain is the organ that burns most calories ...
          Has nothing to do with "stress". Just a question how hard you use it.

          • Google it - emotional stress can trigger weight loss, both through direct physiological responses ("Epinephrine causes the heart to beat faster and breathing to speed up, which can burn calories. Additionally, it changes how the gut digests food and alters blood glucose levels") and changes in appetite:

            https://www.medicalnewstoday.c... [medicalnewstoday.com]

            Just thinking hard also does increase the brain's calorie burn, which could also apply to that desk worker in Chicago.

        • by Rei ( 128717 ) on Friday February 18, 2022 @08:06AM (#62279717) Homepage

          Either that, or Pontzer is wrong.

          As a general rule, one should immediately be VERY supicious of any "Rogue Scientist Who Says What We Want To Hear Says All Of His Colleagues And His Entire Field Are Wrong!" stories.

          So let's google him. Uh oh, red flag #2: he's a pop author who makes visit to the Dr. Oz show.

          One has to wade through pages of plugging for his books to get to any review of his work. For example, this [germanjour...dicine.com]. Which isn't exactly flattering.

          • Oh man Dr Oz, that isn't a red flag, that is a glowing sun flag. What a quack.
          • by fazig ( 2909523 )
            Unfortunately in these times, a "going against the mainstream"-label works very much like an instant credibility boost in the eyes of some very intelligent people.
            Because the "mainstream" is not associated with the idea that it may be popular because it's a good approximation, but instead that the only reason for it to be popular must be that there's a conspiracy that is suppressing anything else.

            Just last week I had to explain to someone why the "Electric Universe" isn't talked about a lot any more excep
          • Thank you, great find. Though it's not a long read, for those who already skipped the summary this won't help, but those who hesitated and then decided against clicking the link above, here's the conclusion:
            Therefore, the new theory of the authors who have performed such large and interesting studies is simply false. Unfortunately, it has caused a large reaction in the press and possibly will survive a while. The couch-potatoes will feel encouraged. What a pity!
      • Exactly this, although you've just ruined the days of all fad dieters. Diets work, because they put you into a calorie deficit. Low carb? Vegetarian? Intermediate fasting? Whatever method you follow, whatever works for you mentally, the point of any diet is to reduce your calorie intake.

        TFA is well-written - I read the whole thing, even though this is /. - and the interesting discovery is that normal physical activity does not burn unusual amounts of calories. Sure, run a marathon everyday, and you'll nee

        • by dcw3 ( 649211 )

          "Diets work, because they put you into a calorie deficit. Low carb? Vegetarian? Intermediate fasting? Whatever method you follow, whatever works for you mentally, the point of any diet is to reduce your calorie intake."

          Um, Atkins and South Beach are both low carb diets that give you no limit on caloric intake.

          Anecdote: Years ago, my cardiologist put me on South Beach when we discovered that my total cholesterol had spiked to over 300. (Note, I later discovered all of my older relatives were on statins alr

          • Obviously.

            As "Atkinson" is a high protein low carb diet. Your body only "burns" carbs (and fat/sugar). To burn proteins, you ned to be STARVING - and then you burn your own muscle mass, and not the proteins you eat.

        • The excess in alimentation might happen with the nibbling "in-between".
          Following a diet will cut sharply into the second breakfasts, late-day munches and late night snacks.

        • Shit, I lost weight (around 25 lbs) on a home-rolled low carb diet that consisted of a 1/4 lb sausage and two eggs with cheese cooked in butter for breakfast, a salad and 2 hamburger patties for lunch and steak/chicken/pork and green veggies for dinner.

          If I was hungry between meals (which wasn't often), it was "snacks" like meat sticks or cheese until I wasn't hungry.

          "Desert" when I felt like it was home made whipped cream (no sugar) on blueberries or strawberries, which were the only fruit I would eat.

          Ther

      • Perhaps you should read the article instead of being stuck in your own myths about diet and exercise.

        For starters:
        - if you exercise you burn the sugar in your liver
        - you have to exercise more than 45 minutes until the body considers to burn fat
        - exercising most of the time does not burn many calories anyway, worst is typical gym stuff with weights
        - consider swimming if you want to lose weight, it is soft on your joints/back gives considerable stamina and is the most calories burning exercise a "normal human

    • by Gavagai80 ( 1275204 ) on Friday February 18, 2022 @03:09AM (#62279261) Homepage

      While my sister ate a diet of mostly fruits and veggies and gained weight, I've been eating a diet of chocolate chip cookies and chips for my whole life and have stayed thin into my 40s.

      But I will decline to cite that as proof of the superiority of my ways, and instead offer that two data points is an anecdote, not evidence.

      • I had a pitbull mix as a pet once - fantastic gentle dog in every way. It spent 90% of its day lying in front of the fire asleep but it was always ripped, great muscle tone. There must be quite a lot in the genetics.
    • by ranton ( 36917 ) on Friday February 18, 2022 @11:05AM (#62280249)

      It does surprise me that level of activity has no significant effect on how many calories you burn per day. To the point of not believing it, or at least assuming that I and everyone in this forum is interpreting it wrong.

      I have had periods of my life where I was highly active and periods where I haven't been, and most of the time as I transitioned between these periods my diet didn't change dramatically (I ate poorly throughout most of my life). When I was hitting the gym regularly, burning an extra 3000 or so calories per week in exercise, it was much easier to maintain my weight or lose some. When I was more sedentary, I either gained weight or had to significantly cut calories to maintain my weight.

      There must be some kind of nuance to his research I'm not picking up on in that article. I do agree diet is far more effective than exercise to maintain a healthy weight (although some exercise is important for health regardless of your weight), but someone who regularly exercises absolutely burns more calories than someone who is more sedentary. Perhaps not as much as the treadmill manufacturer wants you to think, but more none the less.

  • not exactly (Score:5, Informative)

    by phantomfive ( 622387 ) on Friday February 18, 2022 @03:25AM (#62279285) Journal

    The summary isn't really right. The article points out that people who were running 40 kilometers in a day burned 5000 calories, more than a sedentary person. Olympic athletes sometimes go crazy eating things because they expend so many calories (Nils van der Poel drank whipped cream and ate potato chips).

    The main point is that energy expenditure doesn't match what you'd expect, and no one knows why. Here is the relevant quote from the article:

    “This morning I ran about 5 miles; I spent about 500 calories running. In a very simplistic model that would mean my TEE would be 500 calories higher. According to Herman, humans who are more active don’t have that much higher TEE as you’d predict but we still don’t know why or how that occurs.”

    • by mwvdlee ( 775178 )

      This morning I ran about 5 miles; I spent about 500 calories running. In a very simplistic model that would mean my TEE would be 500 calories higher

      In the very simplistic model where, during the time you were not running, you would be dead?

    • Re:not exactly (Score:4, Informative)

      by Shinobi ( 19308 ) on Friday February 18, 2022 @04:32AM (#62279371)

      These studies usually don't take into account the difference environmental effects have also. Sitting in a ventilated office, compared to walking in heat or cold, rain, snow, heavy winds etc. No mention of weight of items carried either. When I did long-range patrols, even with "light" pack, I ate 6.5k kCal per day, and still lost 10kg's of body mass over 3 weeks. And some days we only averaged about 15-20km straight-line distance in a 24h period.

    • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

      by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

      This kind of thing has been observed before with very overweight people who crash diet. Their bodies go into starvation mode and reduce "background" calorie burn significantly, so reducing caloric intake stops being effective. The result is feeling tired and hungry all the time, while not losing or even gaining weight.

      I suspect it's a similar but less extreme thing at work here. If you exercise in the morning your body tries to save energy the rest of the day to make up for it. Obviously there are health be

      • It stops being effective for quitters, the true near starvation diets which dietary science started with (that and amphetamines) simply work. There are limits to efficiency.

        800 kcal is more than enough for sufficient protein to prevent muscle atrophy and necessary fats.

        • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

          800 kcal diets are extreme and dangerous. They might work for some people but we really need a better, safer option than that.

      • I can't say my body follows that. I'm tnot racking *exact* BMR but my body typically burns more calories after I workout in the morning -- obviously subtracting those calories from the analysis -- than on days where I am resting / recovery. Difference is usually ~200+ calories but again not everyone's body is the same.
    • Re:not exactly (Score:5, Informative)

      by excelsior_gr ( 969383 ) on Friday February 18, 2022 @04:55AM (#62279413)
      The important thing here is that the article talks about energy expenditure after adjusting for *non-fat* body mass. The couch-potato and the hunter-gatherer burned the same amount of energy per day on average *after* that adjustment. Downplaying this significant detail opens up a world of possibilities for misunderstanding the article...
    • Cyclists burn up to 10k calories a day, but cycle 4h and more on a competition.

      But you are right, the general gusto is: daily laymen activities burn less than one might think

    • I remember reading an article about some champion marathoner (from Czechoslovakia I think). In preparation for quitting the endurance training he had to train itself to eat less than the 6000 calories a day "sports" diet he was used to.
      (an article I read a looong time ago, so some facts might be "almost-right". The calorie intake was still several multiples of the normal average).

    • "Exercise prevents you from getting sick, but diet is your best tool for weight management."

      That is Herman Pontzer's conclusion, so far. It sure would have been nice if this had been included in the summary.

  • Bullshit (Score:2, Informative)

    by nagora ( 177841 )

    The calorific intake of Royal Navy ratings in the 1700's was on the order of 7000 per day, more if they saw action. That's more than an office worker.

    Also "after adjusting for body mass" just means "after I fudged the numbers a bit to fit my theory".

    • Also "after adjusting for body mass" just means "after I fudged the numbers a bit to fit my theory".

      No it doesn't, we both know that.

      • by nagora ( 177841 )

        Also "after adjusting for body mass" just means "after I fudged the numbers a bit to fit my theory".

        No it doesn't, we both know that.

        It does, really. Because to adjust for body mass you need to understand how that affects metabolism. But metabolism is what he's trying to measure, so to adjust it you need to know the answer in advance.

        Better to just list the raw numbers. Which would spoil his press release.

        • Really, so you would not adjust for body mass between a body builder and a fat guy? I didn't know that fat burns calories at work and rest.
          • I didn't know that fat burns calories at work and rest.

            It does because is must. It is living tissue not some inert substance so must expend energy in metabolizing. The question is not "whether" but how much.

          • by nagora ( 177841 )

            Really, so you would not adjust for body mass between a body builder and a fat guy? I didn't know that fat burns calories at work and rest.

            The question is how much do you adjust. The guy's using a circular argument: "I can adjust for body mass because I know how the metabolism works, so I can use that information to work out how the metabolism works."

            And, of course, fat does burn calories even at rest because your body has to do more work to move, breath, pump blood etc.

    • The calorific intake of Royal Navy ratings in the 1700's was on the order of 7000 per day,

      Do you have a citation? Because 7000 cal/day is not plausible.

      A normal man consumes 2500 cal/day. Running a marathon adds another 2500.

      7000 cal/day would require running two marathons ... every day. I don't think so.

      • by Shinobi ( 19308 )

        7000 kcal/day is certainly possible. Consider that ratings on a ship were kept busy working all the time, in harsh conditions. In addition to all the obvious things people think about, such as adjusting rigging etc, you have constant drills, you have the constant mending, washing, cleaning and other equipment maintenance, all on a ship that often rolls, pitches and heaves, meaning that your body automatically adjusts posture to maintain balance, constantly burning energy. Add to that the weather, where you'

        • by dcw3 ( 649211 )

          8-10k is possible...

          https://ftw.usatoday.com/2017/... [usatoday.com]

          • Re:Bullshit (Score:5, Interesting)

            by timeOday ( 582209 ) on Friday February 18, 2022 @09:45AM (#62279975)
            I think the strictest accounting for calories during extreme activity I have seen is unsupported crossings of Antarctica on skis. These guys set off pulling a sled laden with mostly food, which was a specially-prepared energy bar - and no other food for thousands of miles in any direction. They do the math, and there is no way to cheat.

            https://www.outsideonline.com/... [outsideonline.com]

            No one really knew how many calories a polar expedition like this burns until Mike Stroudâ"one of the authors of the 2012 paperâ"and Ranulph Fiennes made a two-person unsupported 1,600-mile crossing of Antarctica in 1992 and 1993. Careful measurements of energy consumption using isotope-labeled water showed that they were burning an astounding 7,000 calories a day for 96 days. During one ten-day period while they ascended the plateau, they averaged 11,000 calories a day. Even though they were eating 5,000 calories a day, they lost 48 and 54 pounds respectively during the trip.

            This whole article is a fun read in the context of this discussion.

        • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

          While interesting, not really relevant to this research though. If you burn an extreme amount of calories then the body can't compensate, sure. But that's not practical for most people wanting to lose weight. They might do some vigorous exercise and burn 250 kcal, but then their body makes it up by saving 250 kcal elsewhere.

        • 7000 kcal/day is certainly possible.
          For someone riding a racing bicycle 4h - 6h a day. Yes.

          A sailor on a ship with 8h off watch? Nope.

          Some athletes eat up to 10k kcals per day just to maintain their bodies during long phases.
          Nope. they eat so much _during the time their bodies need it_

          They do not eat so much every day. Same for you. A energy demanding hike you might eat much. But the rest of the year you don't.

      • by nagora ( 177841 )

        The calorific intake of Royal Navy ratings in the 1700's was on the order of 7000 per day,

        Do you have a citation? Because 7000 cal/day is not plausible.

        A normal man consumes 2500 cal/day. Running a marathon adds another 2500.

        7000 cal/day would require running two marathons ... every day. I don't think so.

        This is the age of sail, where running a marathon would be nothing compared to the hardships of daily life climbing masts and rigging, moving cannons and cannonballs by hand, plus all the ropework and cleaning.

        Running a marathon is only the endpoint of training which itself will take more than 5000 calories per day - Sumo wrestlers do 5-8k per day while training (which is more or less all the time), some supposedly do 10k.

        Anyway, the cite for the RN figure (which I rounded down) is

        Food, energy and the crea

        • by Shinobi ( 19308 )

          So many academics and similar who have no clue whatsoever just how long armed forces have tracked energy needs etc. And if they do, they try to compare gladiator workload with legionairy workload, and claim that the gladiator's diet would work for the legionairy.

      • The article mentions that there is a ceiling of about 4650 calories per day for an 85-kilogram man. The bottleneck is though to be the rate with which we digest food and turn it into energy. The Navy dudes would have to weight 130 kg in order to hit 7000 kcal/day. Not implausible, but raises suspicion. Also, don't forget we're talking about averages here and the people in the Navy are far from a representative sample of the whole population. There could be some strong selection bias involved. This doesn't
        • by Shinobi ( 19308 )

          When I was in the military, I weighed around 85kg(+-2 kg depending on the week). When I was deployed, we did long-range patrols on foot. I ate 6.5k kcal/day(yes, I'm using correct units). Over the three weeks such a patrol took, I lost 10kg's. Medical staff carefully logged it, and the data was joined to all the other physiological data FOI took into account for physiology and nutrology research.

          In fact, the average military 24h field ration pack across the world is in the range of 5.2-5.5k kcals, and then

          • by Viol8 ( 599362 )

            People differ in how many calories they burn doing the same thing - eg someone highly muscled will burn more calories than a skinny guy walking the same distance. Also peoples digestion efficiency varies in part due to differences in gut biota.

            Unfortunately people love to point at a few things and say that proves it but the human body is extremely complicated and everyone is an individual.

          • The article is not about deployed military.
            It is about ordinary people.

            And the finding is: it does not really matter what you do in "ordinary life" - the calories you burn are more or less the same.

            It is not so hard to grasp. It is actually in the summary.

            In fact, the average military 24h field ration pack across the world is in the range of 5.2-5.5k kcals,
            Do you mean the "field ration" or the bar of chocolate in the pack?

    • "The calorific intake of Royal Navy ratings in the 1700's was on the order of 7000 per day,"
      Not all their food intake was of a quality good enough to deliver what should be 7,000 calories a day - no refrigeration, dried/salted meat that might have been more tendons than meat, ...).
      Still, quite a bit more than the 2,000 usual, back-of-the-cuff recommendation.

      • by Shinobi ( 19308 )

        But they also ate lots of hardtack and cheese

      • by nagora ( 177841 )

        "The calorific intake of Royal Navy ratings in the 1700's was on the order of 7000 per day,"
        Not all their food intake was of a quality good enough to deliver what should be 7,000 calories a day - no refrigeration, dried/salted meat that might have been more tendons than meat, ...).
        Still, quite a bit more than the 2,000 usual, back-of-the-cuff recommendation.

        You might be surprised at the quality of food they had when not stuck on a very long voyage between ports. The navy didn't actually want their people to be malnourished when they went into battle.

    • No one knows what the 1700s calorie intake of a navy solder was.

      Most certainly not 7000. So much does not even a miner in a iron/coal mine consume/need.

      • by nagora ( 177841 )

        No one knows what the 1700s calorie intake of a navy solder was.

        You are wrong. We have a very good idea because the records of what they ate still exist and are very detailed.

        And I'm not talking about soldiers. I'm talking about sailors. Navy soldiers (marines) certainly may have had a lower intake as they assisted with ship-board duties rather than being key members of the day-to-day working crew.

  • Very interesting! (Score:3, Interesting)

    by GeekWithAKnife ( 2717871 ) on Friday February 18, 2022 @03:57AM (#62279327)

    This intrigued me enough to buy the book "Burn: New Research Blows the Lid Off How We Really Burn Calories, Lose Weight, and Stay Healthy"

    I'm 50 pages in and enjoying it. As you'd expect the dry details are woven into a back story of exploration and discovery - it's pleasant enough to digest.

    This is the sort of stuff I like seeing on Slashdot :-)
  • Sedentary people training for half a marathon increase their TDEE measured by double labeled hydrogen by a third over the course of 40 weeks working up to it (plateaus after 10 weeks).

    Just eating less is easier, but a year with a third extra energy expenditure can help lose a lot of weight.

  • by peppepz ( 1311345 ) on Friday February 18, 2022 @05:23AM (#62279459)

    Exercise doesn't help you burn more energy on average

    What does this "on average" mean? I understand that when one is well-trained, he uses less energy to do the same task. This doesn't surprise and matches my own experience.

    But in the long run, when I can exercise I get thinner while eating everything I want, and when I cannot exercise I get fat even if I eat less; so somehow my case breaks this "on average" qualification and I'd like to understand how.

    The article doesn't explain it well and so I smell a bit of sensationalism.

  • by h33t l4x0r ( 4107715 ) on Friday February 18, 2022 @05:32AM (#62279475)
    Because otherwise this research is a real yawner.
  • The article keeps mentioning inflammation and stress response, then at the bottom he says that's where he expects to find the balance in future research. So why mention it the whole way down if you have no findings for it and it's just a hunch?
  • 'Everyone else is wrong about all things' gets me suspicious. This may be well intentioned but we actually know a lot about these subjects and it may be newcomer-itis thinking he's discovered something all the smart people missed.

    • A lot of what we know is pretty poor. It turns out that double blind nutrition studies are extremely difficult to do.

      You kind of have to stick people in a controlled environment to completely regulate everything they eat, which makes selection bias in the subjects a problem as well as being very expensive. Plus how long can you keep an N population in a contained environment? 30 days is tough, but you'd really like this data at 3, 6 or even 12 months. You can also get into ethical challenges trying to p

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?... [youtube.com]

    This dude consumes something like 8k calories per day. He has to to maintain his body mass and lift as much as he does. He burns a lot more calories than you or I do, through the power of exercise.

    He's an extreme example, but honestly, if you work out you will require more calories unless you economize somewhere else.

    • You should read the guy's book Burn - he explains it. The first part of the book reiterates very solid peer reviewed science. Yes, extreme examples of people who work out a lot of course burn more calories and will lose weight. Your body works on a calorie budget with priorities. Reproduction is a biggie and so is fat, baseline metabolism, and your brain. The body will do everything it can to slow down baseline metabolism before it shortchanges reproduction support and fat is the last to go before shortcha
    • If you work out you'll also be hungry and eat more. Most of the people cannot outrun their fork (there are exceptions)

  • If I burn 1000kcal 6 days a week on my bike (which I easily do, by the way, and have for over 10 years now) and track the kilocalories I eat (which I also have been doing for almost 20 years now) and intentionally eat a reasonable caloric deficit, I will gradually lose weight. Trying to tell me that's just a coincidence is utter nonsense, just like telling me that some sedentary office worker won't lose that fat ass of theirs if they start moving it and not stuffing their face with food every day won't lose

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