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Space Businesses The Military

Will the US Air Force Use SpaceX's Starship for Speedy Cargo Deliveries? (arstechnica.com) 133

The U.S. Air Force wants to invest $38 million next year in projects under the heading "Rocket Cargo." Ars Technica reports that Air Force is already spending $9.7 million on the projects, "but seeks to increase that total for the coming year as it moves into the test phase of the program. The funds will have to be approved by Congress as part of its budget deliberation process this summer and fall."

The Air Force's 462-page budget-justifying document says their branch of the military "seeks to leverage the current multi-billion dollar commercial investment to develop the largest rockets ever, and with full reusability to develop and test the capability to leverage a commercial rocket to deliver Air Force cargo anywhere on the Earth in less than one hour, with a 100-ton capacity."

Although this does not refer to Starship by name, this is the only vehicle under development in the world with this kind of capability. The Air Force does not intend to invest directly into the vehicle's development, the document says. However, it proposes to fund science and technology needed to interface with the Starship vehicle so that the Air Force might leverage its capabilities. Clearly, some Air Force officials are intrigued by the possibility of launching 100 tons of cargo from the United States and having the ability to land it anywhere in the world about an hour later.
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Will the US Air Force Use SpaceX's Starship for Speedy Cargo Deliveries?

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  • by ShanghaiBill ( 739463 ) on Monday June 07, 2021 @02:41AM (#61461546)

    $38 million is not much of an investment. That is, like, a third of a one F-35.

  • USA is running out of oil now [macrotrends.net].

    IMHO we should be thinking more about conservation than new highly inefficient uses for fuel.

    • by spacexfangirl ( 8187174 ) on Monday June 07, 2021 @03:04AM (#61461576)

      USA is running out of oil now [macrotrends.net].

      IMHO we should be thinking more about conservation than new highly inefficient uses for fuel.

      Raptor engines on Starship use Methane/LOX, so don't whine about oil

      • Re: (Score:2, Insightful)

        by lobiusmoop ( 305328 )

        I don't think I'll post on this any more. Talking about fossil fuel is like arguing with a junkie, it's a waste of time and effort, they will justify their behaviour in all kinds of irrational ways and OD in the end whatever you say. heh.

        • by nyet ( 19118 ) on Monday June 07, 2021 @03:14AM (#61461584) Homepage

          > Talking about fossil fuel is like arguing with a junkie, it's a waste of time and effort, they will justify their behaviour in all kinds of irrational ways and OD in the end whatever you say.

          Irrational behavior like insisting that Methane/LOX is fossil fuel?

          • by jeremyp ( 130771 )

            Where do you think the methane comes from?

            • by caseih ( 160668 )

              Cows?

              Seriously, though, yes methane currently comes from wells in the ground for the most part. But methane is produced by other processes including organic decomposition, to say nothing of the potential to create methane using solar-powered chemical processes. So it's entirely feasible that in the future sources of methane could come from carbon-neutral, renewable sources.

              • by dasunt ( 249686 )

                Seriously, though, yes methane currently comes from wells in the ground for the most part. But methane is produced by other processes including organic decomposition, to say nothing of the potential to create methane using solar-powered chemical processes. So it's entirely feasible that in the future sources of methane could come from carbon-neutral, renewable sources.

                The same could be said for gasoline or diesel. One can synthesize long chain hydrocarbons from hydrogen and carbon, with the former coming

                • by ceoyoyo ( 59147 )

                  Sure. You can make gasoline for about twice the price of the pumped out of the ground variety. The US Navy keeps working on making it at sea, for example. Even so, it's a hell of a lot easier to synthesize CH4 efficiently than it is to make the witch's brew that is gasoline.

                  • by dasunt ( 249686 )

                    I'm referring to it being a fossil fuel. Most methane comes from natural gas, which is mostly methane, with some coming as byproducts of refining fossil fuels. There's also some from coal gasification.

                    Sure it can be made via other means. But I'm not finding a commercial viable approach on any large scale.

                    Which seems to indicate that, like gasoline, it should be referred to as a fossil fuel.

                    • by ceoyoyo ( 59147 )

                      I'm not really interested in discussing the pedantry going on in this thread. The OP asserted that we shouldn't be looking for applications for rockets because we should be conserving fuel. Methane is typically pulled out of the ground today because it's cheap and easy to do so, but it's expected to be manufactured from renewable sources more and more, on a fairly short timeline, and applications like rocketry (where fuel is the cheapest thing involved) and users like the US military (for which money is pre

                    • by dasunt ( 249686 )

                      Methane from solar power on Mars may make sense, but that's because even a kg to LEO is costs around $2500. (Meaning a gallon of gas costs about $7500 to space.) Methane would be a slightly better deal since it's a little more energy dense than gasoline.

                      Currently, natural gas is about $1 per therm. One therm is 29 kwh. Which if we assume energy in equals energy out, and $0.10 per kwh, that's $2.90 in electricity for $1 of natural gas.

                      So probably not economically viable any time soon.

                    • by ceoyoyo ( 59147 )

                      Natural gas is ridiculously cheap because it's a waste product of oil production. Ten years ago they used to light the stuff on fire and burn it at the well site.

                      Your economic "analysis" is grossly superficial. The raw price of mined natural gas is dominated by oil, and will be affected a lot by carbon taxes. A lot more factors go into "economic" than the raw price, particularly when you're doing things like launching rockets. You keep avoiding the fact that SpaceX are already planning to make their own.

                      Stu [sciencedirect.com]

          • Methane is as much of a fossil fuel as octane. The same geological processes produce all of these hydrocarbons and we usually extract them at the same time because if you have natural gas, you probably have oil in the rocks under it.

            Natural gas can be produced organically, but it's rarely harvested and and our consumption vastly exceeds the supply of human made organic Methane. The world consumed 3.9 trillion cubic meters (about 3 billion tons) of natural gas in 2019 and about 95% of that was Methane. All o

        • by caseih ( 160668 )

          Sure. But there is just as much irrationality on the other side. For example, many people urging the immediate cessation of all fossil fuel use believe that this can be done without any significant price to pay, either on the part of civilization at large, or on their personal part, specifically. Or that the cost will be borne by "others." Or worse, simply be forced in its entirety on the energy companies, as if they are solely to blame for our CO2 problem. I often see people believe that the problem o

    • by jlar ( 584848 )

      USA is running out of oil now [macrotrends.net].

      IMHO we should be thinking more about conservation than new highly inefficient uses for fuel.

      But the chart you show seems more like a quick market response to the precipitous drop in oil prices due to the pandemic. There was less demand for oil and therefore some of the oil fields shut down (or went bankrupt) either because the price fell below production costs or because they wanted to wait until the oil price recovered.

      But given the high price of rocket transport compared to more traditional modes of transport it will definitely also only be used in exceptional circumstances. This could be in cas

    • by Some Guy ( 21271 )

      I do agree that we should be more focused on reducing the use of oil, but that chart is production which has slowed down due to lower demand in the past year or so.

      On the same site is the chart you're looking for U.S. Crude Oil Reserves [macrotrends.net] which shows... reserves are increasing.

    • So, when you're a Doctors without Borders section chief requesting a mobile trauma unit's equipment be flown into the boonies in Africa, so that the MD's being parachuted in to operate on the 500 people who have just been gunned down (including several of your family members) and won't live the next 90 minutes without urgent care, you're going to say nope, don't do it, it will be too inefficient a use of fuel, put it on the solar plane that will take 12-24 hours to fly from Miami?

      Or you're in Jakarta and th

      • Wonderful. Ideas are easy as any wanna-bee business man will tell you. Succeeding at them is the hard part. Think though all the things needed for those ideas to work, and just as important, look at all the current solutions.

    • How does low oil production equate to "running out"? Production is only down because of reduced demand. A third of the world's oil is in North America, we're not running out any time soon.

  • by Some Guy ( 21271 ) on Monday June 07, 2021 @03:14AM (#61461588)
    Scott Manley explains why this doesn't make a whole lot of sense: https://www.youtube.com/watch?... [youtube.com]
    • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

      Will watch later but I'm guessing the payload is relatively small, there aren't many scenarios where you need to deliver stuff that fast, and even if there were it might not be a good idea to send something that is hard to distinguish from an ICBM towards a hostile country.

  • Betteridge says “No”.

    • by mbkennel ( 97636 )

      First obvious question: what do they do with the rocket at the other end?

      Unless they have a launch facility that can provide supercooled liquid methane and oxygen and all the necessary launch electronics, they're going to be buying the rocket.

      • Launch in another ship with 100 tons of fuel, then it can refuel and take off out of there!

      • Send another rocket with the supercooled liquid methane and oxygen and the launch electronics, d'uh!

      • These Starships are extraordinarily cheap to build, that was (is) a design requirement. My guess would be to salvage the Raptors (250,000 USD each, and these suborbital Starships will likely have three Raptors, or at most six) with trucks and scrap the vehicle.

  • The high brass of the US military lives in a fantasy world. It sounds like they want a rocket that can (1) take off with a load of military equipment, (2) land with that load in an "austere location", (3) unload at said "austere location" (i.e., without any supporting equipment), and (4) take off again. Of all of these, exactly (1) is presently possible. Even if this were all possible, the sheer cost of launching a rocket to deliver a few tons of material is just nuts. Of course, they're "only" asking for
    • Starship is designed to do all those things. If they didn't study using it for what it's designed for, and study it in advance so they're ready to go when it's ready, then they wouldn't be doing their jobs.

    • by necro81 ( 917438 )

      Of all of these, exactly (1) is presently possible.

      Which is why the advertising executives of the star system of Bastablon came up with this slogan: "If you’ve done six impossible things this morning, why not round it off with breakfast at Milliway's - the Restaurant at the End of the Universe!

  • Cargo = BOMBS (Score:5, Interesting)

    by nokarmajustviewspls ( 7441308 ) on Monday June 07, 2021 @04:41AM (#61461758)

    Hidden in the text of the accompanying article is: the potential ability to AIR DROP a payload after reentry. So this could be construed as using the Starship as a (very) fast bomber capable of reaching anywhere on earth in an hour. Still, it seems a shame (by reentering the atmosphere) to waste one of the key advantages of the Starship, its incredible kinetic energy.

    Maybe instead the Air Force should consider using the Starship as an (sub?) ORBITAL BOMBER like the Sanger design first promoted in WWII. In this case, the AF would launch a Starship towards the Chinese (oops, did I say that?) target and release up to 100 tons of "payload" but outside the atmosphere on a ballistic trajectory. The exact sequence could be something like this: A Starship atop a Super Heavy booster would be launched from Cape Kennedy, Boca Chica or Vandenberg on an orbital path whose trajectory would take it directly over the target in say, mainland China. As soon as the Starship's engines cut off and the vehicle is on a ballistic trajectory, it would release its "cargo" of 100 1-ton (modified) tungsten Rods from God. The modifications would be: make them conic (not a rod) and give them a slight asymmetry. This, in combination with a small control unit (guidance and a small mass to change the center of gravity) on the protected rear, would allow for maneuvering.

    Anyway, immediately following the release of these projectiles, the Starship would make a minor change in its course so that it would no longer pass over mainland China, this would hopefully put it out line of sight of any directed energy weapons that the Chinese would have in the next decade or two. (If the U.S. can keep China from basing any of these energy weapons and anti-sat weapons overseas or remove these overseas assets at the start of a conflict then the Starship should be safe; conventional anti-aircraft weapons would not be remotely close to shooting it down)

    Meanwhile, the projectiles would enter the atmosphere at close to orbital velocity. Not only does the (spinning? reflective?) tungsten cones survive reentry, but even a megawatt laser would find them hard to melt (compared to the heat of reentry they might not even notice it). The guidance system not only would allow a pinpoint impact but could be used to slightly modify its flight path to evade ABM interceptors. (Traveling at several miles per second would allow even a tiny change in direction to cause an interceptor to miss by hundreds of yards). Even a direct hit by a non-nuclear interceptor might not be fatal, again these projectiles would be almost a solid ton of tungsten! They would go through most defenses like a bullet through tissue paper (the guidance system would have to be pretty good though to be able to correct the course if knocked off course by an interceptor).

    The result would be tons of super hardened metal hitting a hundred separate targets at hypersonic speeds. The energy deposited in each small area would be extreme (the energy deposited overall by each projectile would be equivalent to a ton of high explosive!). That might even be enough to destroy hardened silos, anything else would be completely obliterated. If SpaceX can really bring the launch costs of a Starship/SuperHeavy down to $10M or less, then this would be a not-too-expensive way of destroying any extremely high value targets anywhere in the world in less than an hour.

    Meanwhile the Starship would land at an oil rig in the ocean or at an ally's launch site (or maybe, depending on orbital mechanics, at whichever site the Starship didn't launch from. If Elon is to be believed (a big IF) in a few hours it could be refueled and ready to go, maybe even launching in a reverse sequence. (For example: Cape Kennedy to Beijing to Vandenberg, then Vandenberg to Beijing to Cape Kennedy). So the cadence could be very fast. Anyway, remember that SpaceX wants to build dozens (hundreds?) of these giant rockets.

    This could provide the U.S. with a an extremely effective non-nuclear first strike

    • by Ksevio ( 865461 )

      I don't think that's the point of this - we already have ICBMs that are better at the job and less expensive

    • nope.

      Far more likely, it is troops/supplies. But even if just pure cargo, one of the better ones to send would be FUEL.
      In particular, for a number of bases in Afghanistan and Iraq, we were paying over $300 / GAL (and with bribes, sometimes up to $500/gal) just for fuel.
      And that does not include the far more important lose of life that we saw.
    • So from the above comments, a common thread is why not just use ICBMs?

      Basically it is COST, the NON-REUSABLE ICBMs are (I read somewhere long ago but it should still be accurate?) at least $10M a pop. Since they're designed to carry a few (less than 12?) warheads which are small and light miniaturized nuclear re-entry vehicles their throw weight is only on the order of a few tons.

      Compare that to a fully REUSABLE Starship who, Elon promises, can be launched for $5M and carry upwards of 100 tons. Because of

  • by ytene ( 4376651 ) on Monday June 07, 2021 @05:30AM (#61461846)
    A Falcon Heavy launch (with first stage re-use) costs approximately USD$90 million. Let's assume that Starship is at least as expensive as FH.

    The current USAF heavy lift work-horse - the C-5A/B Galaxy - can lift about 250 tons and flies at about 540mph, or Mach 0.72.

    So the USAF consideration here would seem to be purely down to two things: speed-of-deployment and the potential to reach locations that don't have Galaxy-friendly runways. The C-5 lifts considerably more than the 100-ton proposal here and for sure it is going to be significantly cheaper to fly a single Galaxy to any serviceable air strip around the world.

    The C-5 is also likely to be able to handle somewhat more adverse weather - at both launch and landing locations - than Starship. In fact, to be able to give the Pentagon 24x7 capability [anything less and you have to start to question the value of a rapid-delivery solution] you're going to have to have multiple launch sites - east and west coasts at minimum - as well as multiple vehicles.

    Or put that another way: to guarantee that get the same payload as a C-5 to anywhere in the world more quickly, you'd need a minimum of 6 starships - three on each coast [assuming that each starship was lifting 100 tons and you wanted to equal/exceed the 250 ton lift of a C-5. You'd also need all the launch infrastructure, fuel, emergency air-traffic clearance and so on.

    Then, when you've achieved your drop and landed a starship vehicle somewhere really quickly - say on the outer limits of a zone hit by a natural disaster, or a location where you need to get equipment in a hurry - you've got to develop the means to get the vehicles back again. Now in reality the main ingredient to this is going to be the need to re-fuel your vehicle with methylox... but maybe you'd want to do some vehicle inspections first? You know, looking for things like fractured landing gear and so on...

    I'm not suggesting that these challenges are insurmountable - far from it. I'm just wondering out loud of the challenges we see facing us today are demanding such an extreme solution. Maybe if your justification is that this would give the Pentagon a rapid-deployment/rapid-projection capability for military force that no other nation can match, then perhaps it might become a more substantial argument. Still not a very strong one, mind you.
    • Let's assume that Starship is at least as expensive as FH.

      If we assume that a vehicle will cost an order of magnitude more more than it's meant to cost, then things look challenging, sure. The goal is to make Starships for under $10M, and to fly them for less than that since they're reusable.

      Recovering a Starship landed on Earth is rarely going to be an issue. Most of the Earth's population lives near a coastline where you can load it on a barge, and most of the rest has roads leading to the coast. For the

      • by N1AK ( 864906 )
        I think assuming that the military is primarily interested in delivering things via rocket within an hour so that it can send them to convenient locations for refuelling or collection may be a mistake.
    • Your first assumption is wrong. The costs for a Falcon Heavy (with first stageS reuse, remember there are 3 cores) is 90M. To compare this with a Starship of which the entire rocket is designed, from the ground up to be completely reusable is wrong. It's like saying that the flight cost of an airplane where we "only" throw away the bottom two thirds is comparable in cost to a fully reusable airplane that has been designed for easy maintenance, durability, fast turnaround etc. Add to that the costs of us

      • by ytene ( 4376651 )
        You're rather missing the point.

        A C-5 is also completely reusable... and costs significantly less to run than Starship. The only reason that I brought in mention of FH to my post was to try and get an "order of magnitude accuracy" to a rough idea of the per-trip costs of Starship. I will gladly accept your corrections on that if you can cite an authoritative source... However, since starship hasn't yet left experimental flight status and since we don't know the cost of any post-flight maintenance or pre-
    • starship is expected to be priced at less than $20M, possibly 10M.
      • by ytene ( 4376651 )
        And how much does it cost to fly the same amount of cargo using a C-5?

        I'm guessing less.
        • how long will it take to get 100 tonnes across the atlantic or pacific?

          This will no doubt be used for fast strike forces. It likely will not be cargo, but ppl. And it is very doubtful that they will be landing these in warzones, but far more likely 100s of miles away. From there, C5, Osprey, etc can fly in.
    • by dj245 ( 732906 )

      I'm not suggesting that these challenges are insurmountable - far from it. I'm just wondering out loud of the challenges we see facing us today are demanding such an extreme solution.

      One use I can think of is a submarine rescue system [wikipedia.org]. If you could airdrop it into the sea near a submarine in distress, a support vessel could then directly tow it to the submarine location and begin a rescue attempt. I'm not sure if current vessels can be piloted remotely, but that would probably be necessary to expedite the rescue.

      You could also drop supplies into remote locations in any weather conditions. As an example, the ability to drop supplies into Antarctica during winter could be useful. C

  • anywhere on the Earth in less than one hour, with a 100-ton capacity

    Would not a Starship's payload capacity depend on how much it has to change its orbital direction from the latitude it lifts off from?

    It seems to me that the specification can have either 100 tonnes dropped on - sorry: landed from the lowest-energy orbit, or delivery in one hour.

  • There's a lot of discussion of whether the rocket could land on any terrain at the target location, but wouldn't you also need a structure to climb to the top of the rocket and pull off the payload?

    What about instead a flyover from low orbit? Could the rocket drop its payload from, say 50 miles altitude, maybe with some remote drone-style steering for the payload so that it's over the correct location when chutes deploy, then have the rocket continue in its orbit and and land back on its launch pad?

    Also, c

    • by Ksevio ( 865461 )

      The cargo would have to have heatshields capable of re-entry and probably thrusters for that to work. Those plus chutes would add a considerable extra weight so they wouldn't really be able to deliver as much cargo

  • I have always had this concept in the back of my head of a sub-orbital people-hauler called a "clipper ship" from a story I'd read as a kid. It was essentially the 747 of the time represented, all long range flights being sub-orbital ballistic rather aero supported. So every time I hear something like this /. article I think "clipper ship" but I can't recall what the book/story was or find it on the world wide intertubes. Sound familiar to anybody?
  • Could easily ensure that that rocket delivers 100 tons of supplies to a burning heap of slag. It's not like you can distract a heat-seeker with chaff when you're tossing gazillion-degree rocket exhaust out your tuchas. If you're delivering cargo "anywhere in the world," you have to remember that a lot of "anywhere" doesn't want you delivering cargo.

    • by Jeremi ( 14640 )

      Could easily ensure that that rocket delivers 100 tons of supplies to a burning heap of slag. It's not like you can distract a heat-seeker with chaff when you're tossing gazillion-degree rocket exhaust out your tuchas.

      Only if the enemy knows when and where it will be, with enough advanced notice to set up his rocket-launcher at an appropriate location before the rocket has landed. I would think one potential advantage of a rocket over a plane is that its increased speed makes it harder to anticipate in advance.

    • by ceoyoyo ( 59147 )

      Have you watched a Starship test? It lights up the engines for a few seconds before landing, and falls mostly straight down from a high altitude.

      Compare that to a cargo plane, that saunters into an area at medium altitude spewing hot jet exhaust, wanders down to low altitude spewing hot jet exhaust, then ambles along a 5-10 degree approach to land, spewing hot jet exhaust.

    • which is why you do this half a continent away.
  • 38 million that was not routed to the defense contractors yet so they came up with this to get the money to its designated hands.
  • Shouldn't something like this be the job of the Space Force?

  • They need to invest into the landing pads on oil rigs.
    In fact, I would if it would be possible to submerge it in the water except for when it has a landing coming in. This way, they are more protected from aerial attacks, though it will certainly mean submarines/torpedoes can do a number.

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