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Science

Speaking a Second Language May Change How You See the World 274

sciencehabit writes: Where did the thief go? You might get a more accurate answer if you ask the question in German. How did she get away? Now you might want to switch to English. Speakers of the two languages put different emphasis on actions and their consequences, influencing the way they think about the world, according to a new study (abstract). The work also finds that bilinguals may get the best of both worldviews, as their thinking can be more flexible.
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Speaking a Second Language May Change How You See the World

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  • by msobkow ( 48369 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @12:17AM (#49280841) Homepage Journal

    There's an entire branch of research into the subject of language, culture, and perspective. You might want to do some reading before crowing that you discovered something "new".

    • by Anonymous Coward on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @12:22AM (#49280853)

      Yeah. This is just a restatement of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Welcome to the early twentieth century.

      • Big difference between making a hypothesis, and doing empirical research. And no one claimed this was new ground, but a facet not yet studied this way exactly.

        Curious which stuties you can cite that have this particular methodology?

    • Re: (Score:2, Interesting)

      by ls671 ( 1122017 )

      Of course you are right, but I find interesting that something as obvious as this is posted on /. You know, the obvious is often hidden more and more these days.

      As for second languages, I master 2 languages fluently. I learned the second one at 18 using total immersion language learning. It is a shame that I never took the time to learn a third, fourth and fifth one or more this way.

      I recommend total immersion for those wanting to seriously learn another language, you will experience what the poster is talk

      • by muridae ( 966931 )

        A friend told me the same thing. He took a job in Russia after high school, speaking only English. He said that often he had to think of the problem at the plant in Russian, because he'd only had the workings of the plant described to him in Russian. He knew that he could switch back to English, but trying to think of "the machine that strips truck tires" (the example he used, I think, because the machine's name in Russian was some compound of those words) lead him in circles.

        I never had the luck to learn o

      • I'm Norwegian which meant that I had to learn the two main Norwegian languages (bokmål and nynorsk, used to be about 30% overlap, it is larger now) and English. Those are ones I'm currently fluent in. I also had four years of German and two years of French, plus a single year of Old Norse (i.e. Icelandic).

        The interesting part here is that the list above was the absolute minimum I could get away with, since I knew very early that wanted to get a technical degree (MSEE from NTNU in Trondheim).

        Fluency in

  • by schmidt349 ( 690948 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @12:33AM (#49280883)

    ... weiß nichts von seiner eigenen."

    That's a saying in German attributed to Goethe, which means, "he who can't speak another language knows nothing about his own."

    And another proverb, either Czech or Tamil in origin (or even from the mouth of Charlemagne): "Mit jeder neu erlernten Sprache erwirbst du eine neue Seele" -- "every time you learn a new language, you get another soul."

    • by myid ( 3783581 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @01:59AM (#49281105)

      Regarding your Goethe quote: I'm an American native-English speaker. Studying German taught me how to use the word "whose", as in "the man whose car was hit". I didn't know how to say that properly in English until I learned how to say it in German. (My textbook had examples in English and in German.)

      • by snowgirl ( 978879 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @02:25AM (#49281179) Journal

        I have advanced learning in German as an American native-English speaker.

        I now use the subjunctive properly, and a host of other things. My English is perhaps now so proper, that I speak it "better" than my parents...

      • by ag0ny ( 59629 )

        I completely agree. I'm fluent in four languages: Spanish, Catalan, English and Japanese, the first two native, plus I can understand (but not speak) Italian, Portuguese and French because they aren't that different from Spanish and Catalan.

        I can see how at least in my case, learning how some constructs work in one language has helped me understand things about another.

        It's also true that the language used to express yourself in a given situation affects the way you think about it, because of what you can a

      • by Gramie2 ( 411713 )
        My younger son, who grew up speaking Japanese and then moved to Canada, asked me to explain when to use "who" and "whom". When I put it in Japanese terms, he understood the concept perfectly (at age 8 or so) and has never confused them again.
    • Didn't know slashdot is capable of printing ß's (not that I know how to use that character!)
  • Not sure about that (Score:5, Informative)

    by hcs_$reboot ( 1536101 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @12:34AM (#49280891)

    Speakers of the two languages put different emphasis on actions and their consequences

    The important part here is how it is understood. A native English speaker who is also fluent in German will catch intonation and emphasis differences, and may conclude that the Germans don't express the same way an American does. But how a native German understands the same phrase will remain a complete (unknown) mistery for the native English speaker. Often the problem is the translation - even sometimes in professional translations, in books for instance. The difficulty being to find out how "sticky" must be the translation of a phrase from A to B. Basically - and very few if any people can - an interpreter has to go deep into his/her feelings to transcribe not a text, but a raw feeling.

    • The more that I've studied German, the more that I have found that they express things in a very particular manner as opposed to English. The smallest example being that in formal English the passive-voice is discouraged, because it obfuscates the agent of the sentence, while in formal German, the passive-voice is encouraged, because it emphasizes on the action, which is often the more important part of the sentence.

      Also, the "the left-turning truck" form ("den links abbiegenden LKW") is also very common to

      • Re: (Score:2, Informative)

        by Anonymous Coward

        English and German are actually very interesting languages to compare. They are historically much closer than many people realise. If you ever have the chance to study some Middle English or go see a play by Chaucer (or anything else that dates from before "the great vowel shift") performed with the pronunciation of that time the similarities suddenly become glaringly obvious. You'll start noticing them as well in modern versions of both languages.
        But these languages have evolved in very different direction

        • English and German are actually very interesting languages to compare. They are historically much closer than many people realise. If you ever have the chance to study some Middle English or go see a play by Chaucer (or anything else that dates from before "the great vowel shift") performed with the pronunciation of that time the similarities suddenly become glaringly obvious. You'll start noticing them as well in modern versions of both languages.
          But these languages have evolved in very different directions since that time. German has a big emphasis on a very formalized grammar and on compounding, whereas English has evolved with a simpler grammar and greater emphasis on a larger and more complex vocabulary with more subtle differences in meaning. This is also strongly related to (actual or perceived) cultural differences between native speakers of both languages.

          I love studying languages and particularly language change and currently speak 5 different languages with varying degrees of fluency (Germanic, Romanic and Slavic languages) and find it a very enriching experience.

          NewSpeak was predicated on the idea that your language controls your thoughts. It's true, but only do a degree, which is how NewSpeak-minded people managed to make "special" or "challenged" an insult. Then again, the English word "nice" has flip-flopped several times without artificial assistance.

          German is in many ways the hardest language for me because a lot of the old words took on meanings in very different directions. A classic example is let/lassen. "Ich lasse mein Haar schneiden" doesn't literally me

          • A classic example is let/lassen. "Ich lasse mein Haar schneiden" doesn't literally mean "l let my hair be cut", although presumably it was a voluntary thing. However, the more precise translation would be "I have my hair cut", meaning, effectively that instead of permitting it to be done, I've ordered it to be done.

            I noticed this while learning German as well, but I also noticed that you can see an echo of the German usage in programming/mathematics: LET X = 1, for example.

    • by aepervius ( 535155 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @03:46AM (#49281455)
      There are two ways to speak a non native language : translate every sentence in your head and run into the problem you indicate, or master it without constantly translating and your way of thinking will be sooner or later the same as a native. Once you start dreaming, thinking, in the other language, chance is that you are actually using very similar or even identical structure as the locals. Language is no hexenkunst.
      • by X10 ( 186866 )

        There are two ways to speak a non native language : translate every sentence in your head and run into the problem you indicate, or master it without constantly translating

        Actually, there's only one way. In the first option, you don't really speak the language.

    • Comment removed (Score:5, Interesting)

      by account_deleted ( 4530225 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @06:05AM (#49281807)
      Comment removed based on user account deletion
      • by Teun ( 17872 )
        You are absolutely right, on a trip to Germany you'd be lost until you manage this little sentence: "Zwei Bier bitte".
  • "To know another language is to have a second soul."
  • by WarJolt ( 990309 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @12:42AM (#49280913)

    The language shapes how you think about a problem.

  • by wvmarle ( 1070040 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @12:44AM (#49280915)

    If only because of the enhanced cultural exchanges, and expanded possibilities for travel!

    It's just a pity that the world's de-facto common language (English) is so hard to learn well... still glad I managed to master it, if only as second language (out of four) for me.

    • It's just a pity that the world's de-facto common language (English) is so hard to learn well...

      I disagree; English is relatively easy to learn, therefore it has become the world's de-facto common language.

      Besides, any language (except maybe Esperanto ?) is hard to learn well...

      • The parent said "to learn *well*", and (s)he was right. English is for many people easy to get started with, but it's really hard to master well.

      • I disagree; English is relatively easy to learn, therefore it has become the world's de-facto common language.

        The fact that English has become the word's language has nothing to do with its ease of learning.

        • The fact that English has become the word's language has nothing to do with its ease of learning.

          Care to explain why ?

          You would certainly agree that a language that is hard to learn has fewer chances to be used all around the world ? Hence, being easier to learn surely helps (even if there may be other reasons).

          • English is used because it's the language of the UK, which ended up winning most colonial wars, surpassing France and the other European colonial powers in a crucial part of history. But even that is not enough. If the USA ended-up being a poor 3rd world country (like many other UK colonies), English would not have its current clout.
            If the language of colonial-era UK had been Yiddish or Mandarin, it would have still been the world language today. It's all about history, and not about ease of learning. Nobod
          • The reason English is the main language is because of the British Empire, followed by American dominance. Ease is a secondary factor.

    • by myid ( 3783581 )

      It's just a pity that the world's de-facto common language (English) is so hard to learn well...

      I can think of some ways that English is easier to learn than German (and I suppose easier to learn than other languages also):

      1) You don't have to learn the gender of English nouns. Most English nouns have masculine/feminine gender for male/female people and animals, or neutral gender for all other nouns. The exceptions are calling an item like a ship "she" when you're being poetic, and calling someone "they" when you're trying to be gender-neutral.

      2) There's only one way to say the English word "the". Whe

      • by myid ( 3783581 )

        4) If you put an adjective before a noun ("small dog"), you don't have to put a syllable at the end of the adjective. In German, you do need that adjective ending (the "er" in "kleiner Hund").

        And that adjective ending varies. It depends on gender, case, and definite/indefinite article.

  • My native language (born and raised) is French, I was born and live in Quebec, a (mostly) french speaking province (altough living in Montreal pretty much requires speaking english and soon arabic). My mom plugged me in front of Sesame Street as soon as I could speak, I was involved in a language exchange with an english-only speaking family at 15 in Woodstock, Ontario, Learned english at high school and went to work for an ISP in 1994 (mostly english speaking customers). Dated an english-only supervisor wh

    • by vux984 ( 928602 )

      No offense... but I read your post twice... and I seemed to have missed your point. You gave us quite a detailed description what languages you and people you know have been exposed to... and then just stopped.

      I presumed you were somehow going to tie it back to the article or summary; but you never got around to it??

      For my part I took french immersion in high school; and that was enough for me to completely agree with the summary; that the gestalt switch one makes to think -in- another language changes how

    • If you're looking for partners I can't recommend italki.com highly enough, dig a little in the site and there are oodles of free tutors. I've met many interesting people through the site and it's a great way to meet native speakers. I'm not affiliated with the site, I just enjoy language. The accent you have will help you immensely with English speakers, embrace it. ;)
    • Learning both Ukrainian and Russian is a waste of time because they are so close that they used to be just two dialects of the same languages a few centuries ago. It is better to learn two Slavic languages that are as far apart as it gets, this will help you understand all the other Slavic languages in between.

      Say, Ukrainian and Slovene, or Russian and Czech.
      The best combination is probably Russian, Slovak, Croatian. This way every other Slavic language except Bulgarian is inside the continuum and even Bulg

      • Euro-translators who are fluent in Russian say that understanding written Bulgarian based on prior knowledge of Russian is a piece of cake. My own spoken Russian is a bit rusty, but even then I’ve had no issues understanding simpler texts in Bulgarian. So, my point is that even Bulgarian falls within the continuum. After all, it’s based on Church Slavonic just like Old Russian, so the two languages cannot be too far apart. Closer than Russian and Polish anyway. By the way, I would recommend Poli
        • Yes, understanding Bulgarian is easy. Speaking Bulgarian, on the other hand, is something else entirely, because of the strange grammar. All other Slavic languages share a very similar grammar so building sentences using rules from one Slavic language in another one is usually successful, even if it might sound somewhat stilted.

          Old Russian is not based on Church Slavonic since it is an East Slavic language, but old Russian had a lot of influence from Church Slavonic, thus even in modern Russian there are ma

  • Vice Versa (Score:5, Interesting)

    by Sivaraj ( 34067 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @01:15AM (#49280987)

    Can we turn this around and say, "ability to think in multiple perspectives is important to successfully learn a new language"? There are many for whom learning a second langauge is very difficult while some others pickup a new one easily. Would this theory explain that problem?

    • by muridae ( 966931 )

      I doubt it. Learning languages requires either immersion at the right ages or study with immersion being very helpful. Both of those also happen to expose a person to multiple perspectives just be their occurrence. If learning a language were just about the ability to shift perspectives, every creative type who look at object A and see use Z for it could pick up a language easily. (see: PIC32 being used as a spectrum analyzer via NTSC, or junk turned into Apollo style Kerbal controllers.)

      Besides, most studi

    • Comment removed (Score:5, Informative)

      by account_deleted ( 4530225 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @06:22AM (#49281861)
      Comment removed based on user account deletion
      • That's really my problem. As an American, the only languages I'm even exposed to are English and Spanish. And I don't know many people who speak Spanish, and the ones that do also speak English. So, my only incentive to learn Spanish is to overhear what the people in the grocery store are saying to each other.

      • by Nemyst ( 1383049 )
        Immersion learning is by far the best way to learn quickly and effectively. It's often used successfully to learn particularly different languages, such as Japanese or one of the many dialects and languages spoken in China. You're better off going there and learning by being forced to speak and think in the language almost 24/7.
    • I understand the point you're making, and while I agree basically, I think the relationship is a little more subtle.

      The human brain is fundamentally a language machine. While this certainly ossifies with age as the system prunes neural circuits that it believes it no longer needs, I think the ability to learn multiple languages is in fact hard wired into h. sapiens from birth.

      It's this plasticity that makes languages easily learnt, but the APPLICATION of learning - the actual deformation/reformation of conc

  • Hasn't this been common knowledge for decades or centuries? It's the primary reason they teach some languages. Ie, no one learns Latin because it helps them communicate with native Latin speakers, and most of the students of Latin will not be perusing the classics as light reading (though the Latin version of Asterix is good), but they teach it because it affects how the students think.

    Definitely I was told by more than one person growing up that learning a second language changes how you think about the

    • Hasn't this been common knowledge for decades or centuries? It's the primary reason they teach some languages. Ie, no one learns Latin because it helps them communicate with native Latin speakers, and most of the students of Latin will not be perusing the classics as light reading (though the Latin version of Asterix is good), but they teach it because it affects how the students think.

      Definitely I was told by more than one person growing up that learning a second language changes how you think about the world. So I can only presume that this new study is not breaking any ground and is just a bit more evidence to pile onto the mountain of evidence.

      I learned French in high school and it didn't change how I viewed the world. Traveling, on the other hand, has.

      Perhaps if you learn a new language on your own when you are more mature. In that case you are already looking for new perspectives and a direction for growth. In other words, it might be the act of learning itself and not languages specifically.

      Of course, it's a completely different story if you move to a new region and are learning both a new language and a new culture.

      • Did language acquisition help in your journeys or do you travel only to countries where they speak Canadian? :)

        For me I learned Spanish as an adult merely as an intellectual exercise as a podgy IT nerd. I'd never left my home country before but it did inspire me to travel to Europe and South America - but only in hindsight was it a means to an end. I'm currently doing a 3-week MOOC on Dutch, which again is an intellectual exercise but may inspire me to travel to, say, Belgium at some point in the future.

        But

      • by dave420 ( 699308 )
        Learning a language at school and using it on a daily basis are two completely different things. You start to realise more things about the language in question and your own mother tongue(s), making each improve the others simply through comparison and lots of "oh! *that's* why..." moments.
    • by pbhj ( 607776 )

      In defence of Latin you can probably read it on monuments, tombs, and in old buildings in every major city in Europe; it provides loan words and base words for most European languages; it's useful for lawyers and historians at least; you can look intelligent by making quotes in Latin. /Ipsa scientia potestas est/. ;0)>

  • Would have expected this to be already extensively studied. C'mon humanities there must be already some linguistic research on this?

    Being fluent in English and German I know exactly what this refers to, in fact it is so glaringly obvious that it simply must have been studied before now.

    The first time I really became aware of this is when doing product management in a role that required me to sometimes position products in English and sometimes German. I was startled how much easier marketing spin works in

    • by Lurks ( 526137 )

      Would have expected this to be already extensively studied. C'mon humanities there must be already some linguistic research on this?

      Holy cow batman. I guess I wouldn't expect slashdot to be up on anything to do with the filthy humanities but this is really quite something. There is a vast amount of research on this. The general idea is called linguistic relativism and has been a hotly debated topic since Wharf first started pondering the issues in the 1930s. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L... [wikipedia.org]

      It's easily tested and has been often demonstrated, that speakers of languages with certain obligatory features, like say tense and plural in Englis

  • I noticed that after about 4 years of learning English in school (30 years ago) and then again when learning French. I though this was a well-known effect and that there was really no need for any research.

  • by ruir ( 2709173 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @04:30AM (#49281545)
    I can definitively corroborate all the effort it took to master the grammar of the second language helped me being more conscious of what I say in my native language.
    • by Nemyst ( 1383049 )
      And vice-versa! Being a native French speaker, there are many common English mistakes that I just cannot see myself making, such as their/they're (leur/ils sont). Since the two words have completely different spellings in French, mixing them up is almost impossible, even though I've stopped translating words in my head long ago.
  • I thought this was common knowledge, or maybe the study is confirming what was long suspected?

    Germans have a reputation for being precise, their language is very precise, so it would seem to follow that if one is 'thinking in german' one has to think at a level of precision which far exceeds, say, chinese, which as a spoken language is very simple (tonal complications notwithstanding). Then again written chinese has immense potential for deep poetic meaning due to the recurring use of similar tones and s

    • by Gramie2 ( 411713 )
      Samuel R. Delaney wrote a book (Babel-17 [wikipedia.org], won the Nebula Award in 1966) whose central idea was that humans could not understand an alien culture until they could understand its language. The protagonist, a language savant, discovered that thinking in that language dramatically changed her logical and perceptive abilities.
    • Germans have a reputation for being precise, their language is very precise

      As I experience it, German is inherently imprecise, but that forces you to be very precise when using it. Doing anything out of the certain established structures and what you say will be ambigous and sound wrong to germans.

  • by Gunstick ( 312804 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @06:11AM (#49281823) Homepage

    In Luxembourg, from the first years in school on, we learn french and german.
    And additionally learn the local Luxembourgish.
    Later, english is added.

    So everybody is trilingual, but often from parents there are 1 or 2 other languages added.
    And learning 5 languages as a kid is in fact no problem at all.

  • I'm quadrilingual, so I must be the thief.

  • by St.Creed ( 853824 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @08:35AM (#49282281)

    I mean, nice to see a study confirming "stuff we already know", but not only has this discussion been done to death in academic circles, it's been such a hot topic it was used as the basis for the Jack Vance story "The Languages of Pao" and a mainstay of the A.E. van Vogt stories, most notably the Null-A novels.

    And that is even without going into other literature where this was a hot topic about 80 years ago...

  • Breathing allows a person to see the world.
  • Instead of "You might get a more accurate answer if you ask the question in German" it should have said "Asked you in German the question might you a more accurate answer get..."

  • by PPH ( 736903 ) on Wednesday March 18, 2015 @11:39AM (#49283649)

    ... how the snow is, ask in an Inuit language.

It's a naive, domestic operating system without any breeding, but I think you'll be amused by its presumption.

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