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Biotech Science

Scientists Restore Walking After Spinal Cord Injury 181

Spinal cord damage blocks the routes that the brain uses to send messages to the nerve cells that control walking. Until now, doctors believed that the only way for injured patients to walk again was to re-grow the long nerve highways that link the brain and base of the spinal cord. For the first time, a UCLA study shows that the central nervous system can reorganize itself and follow new pathways to restore the cellular communication required for movement. The lead researcher said, "This pessimistic view [that severe injury to the spinal cord means permanent paralysis] has changed over my lifetime, and our findings add to a growing body of research showing that the nervous system can reorganize after injury."
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Scientists Restore Walking After Spinal Cord Injury

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  • by LiquidCoooled ( 634315 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @05:36AM (#21966546) Homepage Journal
    The entire population of paraplegic mice are rejoicing today in the hopes that this news pans out.
    • "That which doesn't kill me makes me stronger". Nietzsche, wasn't it, who said that? I imagine some of the quadraplegic mice woukd take issue with that statement.

      Nietzsche is Pietzsche.

      -mcgrew
    • "The entire population of paraplegic mice are rejoicing today in the hopes that this news pans out."

      yes, until now walking and swimming is making their ears very tired
    • The entire population of paraplegic mice are rejoicing today ...

      They're not actually paralized back in their own dimension [bbc.co.uk] and are just acting like this to study us...

  • Anecdote (Score:5, Interesting)

    by Alioth ( 221270 ) <no@spam> on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @05:47AM (#21966592) Journal
    An anecdote about nerve re-routing...

    When I was 15, I had an accident (put my hand through a glass door, the glass cut through my wrist clean to the bone taking out all the tendons as well as the median nerve, that runs roughly up the middle of the front of the wrist and supplies the thumb, finger 2 and half of finger 3 and part of the palm with sensation).

    To repair all the damage, it took 6.5 hours of microsurgery. The nerve took several months to fully regrow.

    When it did, the sensation came out in all the wrong places - if I touched part of one finger, the sensation would come out somewhere else, for instance on another finger or somewhere more or less random in the affected area of the hand. But within a few months, the brain had "rerouted" everything, and the sensations gradually started coming out in the right place.
    • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

      by WK2 ( 1072560 )
      I think your brain is compensating for a mismatched nerve map. Your sensations appear to be coming from the right place only because you know where they are supposed to be coming from.
      • Re:Anecdote (Score:5, Interesting)

        by petermgreen ( 876956 ) <plugwash@@@p10link...net> on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @06:50AM (#21966798) Homepage
        The question is whether there is such a thing as a matched nerve map in the first place or if the nerve map we get from birth is itself basically random.

        • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

          by Yetihehe ( 971185 )
          It is basically random. It is recommended to touch and massage toddlers so they can develop better sense of their bodies.
          • Re:Anecdote (Score:4, Funny)

            by Frnknstn ( 663642 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @08:34AM (#21967346)
            Is that what you told the feds when they busted you for being a pedo?
            • Yikes (Score:5, Insightful)

              by Nerdposeur ( 910128 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @08:49AM (#21967512) Journal

              Wow. It's pretty sick for you to immediately jump from the concept of loving parenting to the concept of child abuse.

              • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

                by Lord Apathy ( 584315 )

                Actually he is not far off base but most of the time it's not the feds, it's the local 5'o that overreacts. There was a case where a local family took some pictures of dad playing with his 3 and 5 year old daughters. He was tickling them doing that blowing on the belly thing.

                The pictures where processed and since the pictures contained nude children the local police were called. That afternoon the children were taken by child custody and the parents were arrested for child molestation and production

      • Excatally. And there is a very good chance that the only reason it was able to do that is because you where 15. I don't know how old you are today but I doubt that at my age I would be able to do that.

    • by MichaelCrawford ( 610140 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @05:53AM (#21966608) Homepage Journal
      I read in Scientific American that some guy wore special glasses for several weeks that turned his field of view upside-down.

      After a while, everything began to appear right-side-up to him when he wore the glasses, so much so that he was able to ride a motorcycle while wearing them!

      • Imagine the confusion when you then take them off and everything is inverted !
        I don't think it would pay to see how many of those cycles you can go through before you develop appreciable lag, I think that such 'reroutings' work by additions only, never by deletions.
        • by dintech ( 998802 )
          I think it's more of an upsertion. :P Or is that indation... What's the word that means means 'insert or update'?
      • by Ihlosi ( 895663 )
        I read in Scientific American that some guy wore special glasses for several weeks that turned his field of view upside-down.



        Actually, the lens in your eye projects an upside-down image on the retina. So, the special glasses actually made the image appear "right side up" on the retina.

      • by theheadlessrabbit ( 1022587 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @07:56AM (#21967088) Homepage Journal
        I have personally met a person who had done this experiment.

        At the time, is was a graduate student, working with University of Toronto's Steve Mann. (one of the world's 1st cyborgs) His setup consisted of LCD goggles, and video cameras attached to his head.

        After 2 weeks of living life upside down, he said it became 'normal'. your brain flips it right-side up automatically.

        he experimented with many other angles, giving each angle 2 weeks.
        He found that it was very easy to adjust to 90 degree angles. (1 week or less) 45 degree angles took longer to get used to, but his brain would eventually get it, but anything else, like 33 degrees, just made him feel very sick.

        That was 6-7 years ago.
        • Comment removed (Score:4, Interesting)

          by account_deleted ( 4530225 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @11:27AM (#21969750)
          Comment removed based on user account deletion
          • by ashitaka ( 27544 )
            You may have had less of a problem if you had driven a lot in the UK. As a driver you concentrate more on where things should be and your brain can switch things around if they're suddenly reversed. I find that after a few years of going back and forth between here (Canada) and Japan (who drive on the left side of the road as in the UK) my brain's compensation kicks in almost immediately and I can naturally follow the reversed traffic rules as soon as I drive out of the airport car rental.

            Once or twice I
          • <yorkshire accent>Left and Right? Up and Down? Bloody luxury! We 'ad to live in Schrodinger's shoebox, get out of bed at 'alf-life to go work in 'is lab for eighteen 'ours a day, and at night Einstein used to beat us to sleep with gedankenexperiments. If we were lucky!
      • by Lord Apathy ( 584315 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @10:11AM (#21968574)

        Your brain compensates for flaws in your vision more than people think. People would be suprised how shitty their eyes really are and how much the brain makes up for it. I saw a show on the discovery channel. It illistrated how your vision, esp. behind your optic nerve, has holes in it. They demonstrated how much your brain just fills in that part by what it thinks should go there.

        it was pretty amazing, and pretty scary. i had to drive the next day.

        • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

          by bdcrazy ( 817679 )
          The brain is scary. Your vision by itself is very limited. It appears the brain has circuits for finding lines/patterns/faces/etc from the impulses your eyes send. Also, your brain/optic nerve/eyeball all seem to do a lot of pre and post processing on everything. Another scary insight into this is things like habits. I have taken the train to work for 8 years. I always pull left out of my driveway to get to the train station. Even when I should turn right, i almost invariably turn left and have to tu
    • Re:Anecdote (Score:5, Interesting)

      by arivanov ( 12034 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @06:00AM (#21966638) Homepage
      Nothing so anecdotal about it. It is a well known fact that during microsurgery the nerves are reconnected in nearly random order and the brain has to readjust after that which it does amazingly well (so much for the precoception that it is set in stone which is also mentioned in the article).

      What I could never understand is why doctors never try similar techniques on spinal injuries. If you perform this type of surgery within the first couple of hours after the accident it should have the same chance of success as reconnecting a finger or even a limb. IIRC An axon in the hand is no different from an axon in the spinal column. If you can reconnect them in the limb what exactly prevents from reconnecting them in the spinal column (besides the complexity of opening it)?

      Similarly, what exactly prevents from taking a chunk of nerve from somewhere, reconnecting the ends via microsurgery and implanting it bang in the middle of the broken part of the spinal column again via microsurgery?
      • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

        by Sirch ( 82595 )
        IANASS (spinal surgeon), but the spinal cord is so dense with nerves that I'd be surprised if they could take the risk - random signals to/from the hand are one thing, but imagine the havoc that could be wreaked with all of the vital systems below the waist if you had random connections all over the place...
      • Re:Anecdote (Score:5, Informative)

        by Yetihehe ( 971185 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @07:36AM (#21966976)
        They would try it, but broken spinal cord develops scar tissue [nih.gov] that axons can't penetrate.
      • My very basic understanding is that due to density and risk of scar tissue you could cause even more damage.
      • Re:Anecdote (Score:4, Informative)

        by BESTouff ( 531293 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @08:28AM (#21967300)
        I know that one ! (My stepfather used to work in that field)
        Spinal cord injuries may be repaired (even self heal) when you're harmed in the higher part of the spinal cord, near the brain. Counterintuitively, when it's cut near the bottom, it's nearly always definitive. Why ? Because the irrigation system is way more fragile in the lower part, and that's often where the problem is. When part of the spinal cord doesn't receive blood anymore, necrosis happens fast and then you can't do anything anymore.
    • Re:Anecdote (Score:4, Insightful)

      by bytesex ( 112972 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @06:38AM (#21966760) Homepage
      Your self-image, the precise volume that you occupy in space and how it's organized, is one of the most important aspects of your consciousness. It allows you to navigate past a table in the hallway and miss it by a fraction of a centimeter. It's also very dynamic; after all - people change when they grow. Damage to that area of the brain is debilitating; not just phantom-phenomena (pains), but there are people who cannot move a leg if they don't see it. Others imagine that the person in the mirror is someone else.
      • Your self-image, the precise volume that you occupy in space and how it's organized, is one of the most important aspects of your consciousness. It allows you to navigate past a table in the hallway and miss it by a fraction of a centimeter.

        That's nothing. Truck drivers regularly miss me by a fraction of a centimeter on public roads.

        • Re:Anecdote (Score:4, Insightful)

          by ashitaka ( 27544 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @12:21PM (#21970588) Homepage
          Truck drivers regularly miss me by a fraction of a centimeter on public roads.

          Very funny, but actually an extension of the same thing. The old cliche of "becoming one with the machine" as it pertains to driving is very apt. A good driver "knows" exactly what space the car occupies as it does become part of their personal space and they can parallel park instantly or do one of those "handbrake-slide-into-the-parking-space" tricks.

          People who lack that perception are the ones endlessly backing into and out of a space when there's still a long way between them and the next car. Be interesting to see if there's been some test to see if these people also have a limited sense of personal space outside the car and are more prone to misjudging distances from their own bodies.
          • Very funny, but actually an extension of the same thing.

            It wasn't a joke, and it's not very funny.

            People who lack that perception are the ones endlessly backing into and out of a space when there's still a long way between them and the next car. Be interesting to see if there's been some test to see if these people also have a limited sense of personal space outside the car and are more prone to misjudging distances from their own bodies.

            That's me, and yes, I do. Especially if I'm listening to musi

    • by mzs ( 595629 )
      I had a similar experience. It was so strange afterward. For example my thumb felt as if it were the size of an inflated balloon.
    • by nilbog ( 732352 )
      The interesting thing is that it was probably your brain that rewired, not your mis-wired hand.

      This reminds me of the experiment they did where they had people wear goggles that made the world look upside-down. Subjects wore the goggles for several days, and eventually the brain "righted" itself. The subjects then saw through the goggles the right-side-up world.

      And then guess what happened when they took the goggles off? :)

      The brain is truly an amazing organ.
  • by MichaelCrawford ( 610140 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @05:50AM (#21966602) Homepage Journal
    ... and paraplegics. To qualify for the class, the disabled students had to have just enough arm control to plug their nose, which is needed to "clear" their ears, that is, adjust the pressure inside the ear drum to the water pressure outside.

    Two of us fully-abled people would buddy with the disabled divers. We'd pull them around the ocean floor.

    I found it quite an eye-opening experience.

    One of the students was my quadriplegic friend Foster Anderson [paralinks.net], who was injured in a motorcycle accident as a teenager. I haven't seen him for a while, but he used to commute from Santa Cruz to Silicon Valley in a special van to work as an engineer. He can just control his arms, but not his fingers.

    I understand he once appeared on the cover of a surfing magazine, riding a surfboard.

    I also read in Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's book Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience that a study of Italian paraplegics found the unanimous opinion that becoming disabled was the best thing that ever happened to them: before their injuries, they failed to fully appreciate their lives. Afterwards they were able to live far more rich and rewarding lives, because they understood better just how precious the gift of life is.

    Don't write off the disabled. They - we, rather, as I myself have a profoundly serious mental illness [geometricvisions.com] - are capable of far more than most of society gives us credit for.

    Think of that next time you park illegally in a handicapped spot. (Foster saw someone do that at a restaurant once, and started repeatedly ramming the car with his electric wheelchair!)

  • The research indicates that such a thing is more likely than we had assumed, but nobody's actually done this yet, not even on lab animals.
    • I knew a phd student five years ago who was working on a cybernetic spine augmentation thingy which could route past damage. It was quite promising. While I knew him he was waiting for WHO approval for trials.

      Then some large corporation offered him $$$ aplenty for the technology, and offered him a very nice post too. I've not heard a thing about his technology since.
    • by cnettel ( 836611 )
      Huh? What do you suppose the mouse experiments did show? They induced a partial injury and could show that rerouting did happen within the short-fiber tissue. We are already able to grow neural tissue, it's far more problematic to imagine recreating all the long nerves.
  • Even though I am not di-or-paraplegic, I had a rash when I read the title and the summary. I didn't even know such studies were underway!

    I always found a bit distressing those gadgets for electrically inducing movements of limbs. The calbes hanging out and connecting the limbs with the processor, I dunno, just terrible. But for one who has his/her legs paralyzed, I guess even that is acceptable.
    • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

      by Ihlosi ( 895663 )
      Even though I am not di-or-paraplegic, I had a rash when I read the title and the summary. I didn't even know such studies were underway!

      Why ... such studies have been underway for quite a while. In fact, "repairing" spinal cord damage is one of the holy grails of science, that's unfortunately always at least two decades away. It's a bit like controlled, energy-positive nuclear fusion.

      Even though the issue is of personal importance to me, I won't be holding my breath until a good solution comes out.

    • by sm62704 ( 957197 )
      I always found a bit distressing those gadgets for electrically inducing movements of limbs. The calbes hanging out and connecting the limbs with the processor, I dunno, just terrible

      As a cyborg myself [slashdot.org] I think I would prefer cables to a wheelchair and attendant.

      But yes, corrective nerve surgery would be even better.

      -mcgrew [slashdot.org]
  • by martin-boundary ( 547041 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @07:51AM (#21967060)
    Brain interprets severed spine as censorship and routes around it :)
  • by JeepFanatic ( 993244 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @08:07AM (#21967148)
    My girlfriend once was a professional skiier. She had an accident that left her in a wheelchair for two years. She has some form of paralasis where she cannot feel anything in her legs other than vibrations which travel up her bones. She learned how to walk by feeling the vibration of the floor under her feet. I don't quite understand all of it but it's really amazing. The only time she has problems with this though is on surfaces that absorb the vibration. Then she looks like she's drunk.
  • Misleading title (Score:2, Insightful)

    by miltonw ( 892065 )
    Actually, the scientists did not "restore walking" in the mice. The scientists only studied the mice while the mices' bodies restored walking.
  • by Bones3D_mac ( 324952 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @08:32AM (#21967338)
    God, this crap is irritating to read about... especially when half your body doesn't work because of problems like this. Here I am watching the last of my youth drain away with ideas I'll never see come to fruition, while they frustratingly dangle this damned carrot in my face.

    Sure, I know there's risks involved in rushing into human testing in medicine, before a complete study on other animals has been completed. But, you know... some things are worth taking the extra risk for!

    So how about offering up guinea pig slots for those of us with not much else left to lose?
    • I can sort understand what you are talking about here. I dated a girl who was a diabetic. She would get depressed because she would read about all these amazing cures that where supposed to be almost here but would never come. You know, we where supposed to have cured diabties 20 years ago.

      I doubt there is any real to the conspericty theory about them keeping the cures for diabities in some hole some where, or cancer. But there is enough curcumstatual evidence out there to make you wonder.

  • by divisionbyzero ( 300681 ) on Wednesday January 09, 2008 @09:24AM (#21967972)
    The scientist didn't restore walking after spinal cord injury. The mice restored their own ability to walk by neural rerouting. The scientist just cut the nerves and waited to see what happened. If the scientists actually restored the ability to walk when it was otherwise unlikely to return on its own, then this would be a much bigger story. This story is just another interesting data point that the brain and nervous system are much more plastic than previously thought but we've known that for at least a decade.

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