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Science

Evidence Found for Earliest Modern Humans 417

Hugh Pickens writes "Researchers at Arizona State University report that they have pushed back the date for the earliest modern humans to 164,000 years ago, far earlier than previously documented. Paleoanthropologists now say that genetic and fossil evidence suggests that modern human species — Homo sapiens — evolved in Africa between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago and in seeking the "perfect site" to explore for remains of the earliest populations, researchers analyzed ocean currents, climate data, geological formations and other data to pin down a location. "The world was in a glacial stage 125,000 to 195,000 years ago, and much of Africa was dry to mostly desert; in many areas food would have been difficult to acquire. The paleoenvironmental data indicate there are only five or six places in all of Africa where humans could have survived these harsh conditions," said Curtis Marean, a professor in ASU's School of Human Evolution and Social Change. Photos from the cave at Pinnacle Point in South Africa show where the team found ochre, bladelets and evidence of shellfish — findings that reveal the earliest dated evidence of modern humans."
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Evidence Found for Earliest Modern Humans

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  • Cavemen (Score:4, Funny)

    by Bayoudegradeable ( 1003768 ) on Thursday October 18, 2007 @07:00AM (#21022969)
    Well hopefully the 160,000 year old cavemen lasted longer than ABC's Cavemen...
  • by aadvancedGIR ( 959466 ) on Thursday October 18, 2007 @07:11AM (#21023051)
    I long ago read that the Homo Sapiens arised in an extremely harsh environment that created a strong selective pressure in favor of intelligence and advanced social interactions. But the article says that the researchers focussed on the area where the less evolved pre-humans could have survived easier.
    • Re: (Score:2, Insightful)

      by daniorerio ( 1070048 )
      wouldn't a more evolved and intelligent species move to a more hospitable environment???
      • by MECC ( 8478 ) *

        wouldn't a more evolved and intelligent species move to a more hospitable environment???

        Like sunny southern california, for example.

      • So you are calling Canadians dumb then?
        • Also, less evolved. Look at the typical hockey game for evidence of that! (I know, I know, at least they didn't elect someone like [name removed in an attempt not to be flamebait]...)
    • by kestasjk ( 933987 ) on Thursday October 18, 2007 @08:21AM (#21023659) Homepage
      You're right that this finding does contradict the traditional savannah theory of human evolution, as do many other findings, but it fits right in with the ever increasingly popular aquatic ape theory of human evolution.

      The idea is basically that as the climate dried up human ancestors stuck closer to rivers and oceans, where the trees and water were, and ate shellfish and other seafood. (It doesn't mean we became fully aquatic, like mermaids. Just that we became as aquatic as we are now.)

      The rich seafood diet has plenty of all the stuff needed to fuel a large brain. It also explains why we can hold our breath and babies can instinctively hold their breath underwater, and why we have no body hair, downward pointing nostrils, webbed fingers, dilute urine, and why we find homo fossils in sediment but not chimpanzee fossils, and why baboons, which came down from the trees and onto the savannah, didn't become human-like, etc, etc.

      The savannah theory says that as the climate dried up human ancestors that had previously lived in trees started to move out into the savannah.
      • You are probably right, but I think we are talking about two distinct evolutionary steps, yours being the least recent one since it seems to explain the differences between pre-humans and large apes.
        The one I was refering to is an explanation of the Sapiens as the most intelligent creature ever: faced with conditions (if I remeber well, it was some volcanoes changing a large part of Affrica into a kind of hell for decades) in which even the fastest or strongest ones had little chances of surviving, intellig
    • by hey! ( 33014 )

      I long ago read that the Homo Sapiens arised in an extremely harsh environment that created a strong selective pressure in favor of intelligence and advanced social interactions.

      Yes. I believe the place is called Earth.

      One interesting question that this idea that unusual evolutionary pressures were responsible for the appearance of human type intelligence is this: if that were true, why didn't it arise in the sea first? Not only does the sea offer natural selection pressures as harsh as any on land, life h

      • by Moraelin ( 679338 ) on Thursday October 18, 2007 @10:59AM (#21026069) Journal
        The "standing on the shoulders of giants" phrase comes to mind.

        Humans did use their intelligence to try to live better, but each step had to solve certain problems before they could move on to the next step.

        E.g., before you can have agriculture, you needed to have (A) the right conditions, which is why it evolved in Egypt and Mesopotamia, and (B) a calendar.

        Being able to just flood a plot of land, or have it naturally flooded for you, is godsend at that point in time. For starters it allows you to live on far less "modern" plants, and with less work. To put things in perspective, even as late as European middle ages, you'd harvest 2 to 7 grains of grain for each grain planted. (By comparison, nowadays you'd get several hundred grains per grain planted.) Now move backward a bit more, and griculture evolved on really really shitty plants. So the fertility boost of irrigation may have been not just an extra, but actually _needed_ to be able to subsist on agriculture at all. You _had_ to have that to get agriculture "bootstrapped".

        The type of soil is important too. A plough usable on northern european soil, for example, wasn't even invented until AD times. (That and the invention of the horseshoe by Germans was one of the factors that suddenly allowed them to challenge the Romans.) So having a bunch of earth turned into mud regularly may have been the _only_ way to start planting anything at all.

        A calendar is also more important than it sounds, because the seasons go on whether you like it or not. If you don't start, say, harvesting at the right point of time, the next flood of the Nile comes and destroys your whole crop right there. So someone has to figure out how to count the days right, and/or how to build a stick in the ground and some markers that tell him when to start doing this or that.

        That's just one example of a problem which looks trivial in retrospect, but it was the culmination of a whole chain on non-trivial discoveries.

        To make things worse, now picture that:

        A) You have a chicken-and-egg problem: before you have agriculture, the pressure is a heck of a lot lesser to figure out the calendar. You don't have a tech tree, like in Civilization games, to look ahead at and see "oh, now we have to work on inventing the calendar, or we'll never get agriculture in time."

        As a hunter-gatherer, you just go hunting and gathering daily, and live off whatever you find. There's no use even trying to plan ahead, until you can actually store stuff for the winter, and that won't happen with berries and hunted meat. (Until you can cure meat somehow, there's no way to keep it around in a useful form anyway, so you have to go hunt your dinner daily regardless of whether you figured out the seasons or not. And to give you a timeline, AFAIK, it wasnt until the Roman empire that someone finally figured out how to, essentially, ferment meat and make a sausage out of it.)

        B) You have small isolated populations, and everyone has to spend most of their day either hunting/gathering their dinner, so there aren't that many people to stay around and think up new stuff and experiment with new stuff.

        For contrast sake: we all know how many great things the Greeks invented or thought up, but the thing is: the Greeks could afford to have as much as 1/3 of the population (the free males) sitting around playing philosopher in between wars. Because the other 2/3 of the population (the women and slaves) supported them. That was a _lot_ of manpower dedicated to figuring out how the world works in ancieng Greece.

        And remember that as late as the ancient Egyptian Old Kingdom era, if you plotted a Gauss curve with the age at which people died, the peak would be in the 30's. (Plus a spike in the first 3 years of life.) In caveman times, I wouldn't be too surprised if it was even less. You just didn't have the time to learn a lot, think a lot about the world, make great discoveries, etc. You'd marry at 12, make a bunch of kids in a hurry, and die, and work the whole
  • The cave at Pinnacle Point was featured in a 2003 episode of Horizon titled The Day We Learned to Think .
  • by raaum ( 152451 ) on Thursday October 18, 2007 @07:43AM (#21023317) Homepage
    The original poster's write-up misses the point. It's NOT news that both fossil and genetic evidence points to the development of anatomically modern humans in Africa somewhere in the 100,000 to 200,000 year range, with several important apparently anatomically modern human fossils at the older end of that range.

    What is new in this article is the early date for the use of ochre dye, small "complex" tools, and shellfish in the diet which are all taken as evidence for modern-like human cultural behavior at 165,000 years ago.

    To date, the most incontrovertible evidence for modern-like cultural behavior dates back to around 45,000 years ago, with some more ambiguous evidence (similar to that presented in the article in question) dating to around 100,000 years ago.
    • Re: (Score:2, Interesting)

      by Khomar ( 529552 )

      What is new in this article is the early date for the use of ochre dye, small "complex" tools, and shellfish in the diet which are all taken as evidence for modern-like human cultural behavior at 165,000 years ago.

      As I posted elsewhere under this article, this just doesn't make sense to me from a historical and technological development standpoint. Known history from the most ancient civilization dates back to only 5100 BC with Sumeria ("Epic of Gilgamesh"). Since that time, there has been incredible adv

      • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

        by Vadim Grinshpun ( 31 )
        Quite plausible. Australian and Tasmanian aborigines, and other cultures in the area, have survived for thousands of years (on the order of 40,000+) without getting past stone-age hunter-gatherer culture. Technological innovation is not inevitable--conditions must be right for it. If people are stuck in a certain area, don't get exposed to new environments, etc, they might not progress very much.
         
        • by Khomar ( 529552 )

          Granted, but we are still talking about 160,000 years. This is the entire scope of our known history repeated 32 times. While certain people groups may have become isolated and backward, there is a lot of time in there for civilizations to emerge. Even looking at our recent history, we see the rise of advanced civilizations (such as the Aztecs) where there was relatively primitive civilization before. Also, most areas of the world are not as remote as Australia, so the flow of ideas would be relatively

      • by Dr. Manhattan ( 29720 ) <sorceror171@nOsPAM.gmail.com> on Thursday October 18, 2007 @08:48AM (#21023969) Homepage
        See here [wikipedia.org]. Development of agriculture is a stretch - it requires the right environment, the right stock to start from, and a long period of 'unconscious breeding' (by picking the best/tastiest/largest examples and, like birds, spreading the seeds around, etc.) to turn that wild stock into something that can actually be planted and managed to support a population.

        You look at, say, modern wheat and thing, "sure, any idiot can see how useful it is". But it only became that after a long period of development from wild stock. Try to live off the wild stuff and you'll either switch to hunter-gatherer or starve.

      • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

        I find it incomprehensible that in 160,000 years that human beings as intelligent and creative as we are today failed to have any technological innovation in all of that time. Agriculture really is not that big of a stretch intellectually.

        That's because you're using a modern human brain to think things through. Try using a much more primitive, almost animal-like brain, and you'll see why your questions make no sense.

        To us, having farms seems like a simple idea. Instead of running around finding f

  • ...a Starbucks, a Wal-Mart, a psychiatric bill, and a dogeared copy of "Being and Nothingness."
  • by jollyreaper ( 513215 ) on Thursday October 18, 2007 @08:02AM (#21023481)
    Disclaimer: I'm not advocating anything here, just asking from the point of speculation...

    The old accepted model of human development is that man in his modern form, homo sapiens sapiens, appeared 30k years ago with recorded history marking the rise of civilization some 6000 years ago. The theory is that humans lived in nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes until the end of the last ice age. With the warming of the climate, agriculture became possible and with it the surplus of food that allows for civilization.

    Ok, that's the accepted model. But I've always wondered about the likelihood of human civilizations from before accepted recorded history. As I understand it, the science points against it because if there were such civilizations, we should see some proof of it. But what sort of proofs would civilization leave behind and how long would they last with the passage of time? Most human populations like along coastlines and we've seen historic records of cities lost to rising waters. There are many underwater archaeological sites being explored along the English Channel. And when one considers the destructive power of a 2 mile tall wall of ice rolling over a city, what would even be left for us to see? If there were a Hyperboria, a Lemuria, a Mu, what remnants should we expect to see of them, if any?
  • by superyooser ( 100462 ) on Thursday October 18, 2007 @08:19AM (#21023643) Homepage Journal
    Evolutionists will continue to push back the date for the earliest modern humans (both anatomically and behaviorally).

    Superyooser's Law of Evolutionary Dating of Humans: As scientific research continues, the probability of the date of "modern humans" equaling the date of the beginning of the Earth approaches one.

    Then the only thing left to be corrected would be the time scale, but that knowledge would be accepted in the process of "approaching one."
  • That Tears it . . . (Score:4, Interesting)

    by Dausha ( 546002 ) on Thursday October 18, 2007 @09:44AM (#21024777) Homepage
    "Paleoanthropologists now say that genetic and fossil evidence suggests that modern human species -- Homo sapiens -- evolved in Africa between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago...The world was in a glacial stage 125,000 to 195,000 years ago..."

    This proves conclusively that modern humans are responsible for global warming. As soon as we developed, the Earth started warming up. We did not even need SUVs to cause global climate change.

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