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Space Science

Shuttle Fleet Upgraded 351

angel'o'sphere writes "Space.com reports that the shuttle fleet will be upgraded with more technology, like new sensors to detect debris hits on the wings, etc. Also, the foam causing the Columbia accident (intended to insulate the tank and prevent the formation of ice) will be replaced by: heaters. I wonder if heating up a tank with liquid oxygen is a bright idea."
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Shuttle Fleet Upgraded

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  • by dolo666 ( 195584 ) * on Friday December 26, 2003 @09:31PM (#7815509) Journal
    Shuttles also now equipped with new space-aged stress relief [colorado.edu].
  • by LostCluster ( 625375 ) * on Friday December 26, 2003 @09:32PM (#7815510)
    You definitely can heat up a tank with liquid oxygen when there's a risk of ice... if it's that cold, there's no risk of the tank becoming too hot. The cool thing is, heaters can be turned off when you don't want them on. :)
    • Considering Oxygen is a gas at room temperature, when they say "Heat" they probably mean "Above Freezing"
    • by FunkyRat ( 36011 ) <funkyrat@g[ ]l.com ['mai' in gap]> on Friday December 26, 2003 @09:57PM (#7815612) Journal
      The Shuttle launch complex at Vandenberg AFB, SLC-6, was built with heaters originally. Had 39B at Kennedy been so equipped, there is a good chance the Challenger tragedy would never have ocurred. Of course, no Shuttle ever launched from Vandenberg and SLC-6 was abandoned in place. There was a particularly haunting photo that was floating around the web back in the 90s showing SLC-6 sitting there all rusted out (I googled but couldn't find it). I believe SLC-6 has since been rebuilt to fly Atlas-Centaurs.
  • by dus ( 139697 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @09:32PM (#7815514)
    I wonder if heating up a tank with liquid oxygen is a bright idea.

    Yes, it is. Very bright.
  • Perhaps.... (Score:5, Insightful)

    by Sevn ( 12012 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @09:34PM (#7815518) Homepage Journal
    They could upgrade the fleet with some people smart enough to use some cameras to look at a shuttle wing before reentry after a HUGE ASS PIECE OF DEBRIS very obviously slams into one of their shuttles. Just a thought.
    • Re:Perhaps.... (Score:3, Interesting)

      by C10H14N2 ( 640033 )
      Since they had no way of repairing anyway, not enough reserves to get to ISS and no "life boat," what difference does it make? I imagine the crew would rather risk re-entry than definitely freeze to death while sitting in a quickly decaying low orbit that would result in burning up anyway. ...just a thought.
      • Re:Perhaps.... (Score:5, Informative)

        by Artifakt ( 700173 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @10:19PM (#7815686)
        Trying to land anyway may well have been the best option left, granted.
        However, how sure are you about the no way of repairing part? The shuttle standard inventory shows some tile repair components onboard. If they aren't at least some use on the leading edges of the wings, it would be nice to know what they ARE intended for. Sprucing up a just landed shuttle before the press gets there to photograph it?
        While we're at it, the later reports have included the possibility of a rescue mission using another shuttle, and the ultimate board conclusion is this is too risky, but notice, there's no breakdown of the risk assessment made available to the general public.
        Obviously, a rational risk assessment would be different for a shuttle developing a problem that is an unusual, apparent fluke accident, or one that might well be developing on the rest of the fleet as well, and for a problem known about soon after launch as opposed to when there's only 3 days life support left. How did such considerations get rolled up into the blanket risk assesment made public?
        • Re:Perhaps.... (Score:3, Informative)

          by C10H14N2 ( 640033 )
          As mentioned in another response to someone else eager to crucify me for stating the obvious, READ THE DAMNED REPORT. They estimated that at best the repairs that were remotely possible might still result in an on-approach crew bailout as the wings might still be so damaged on re-entry that the shuttle would disintegrate on touchdown as essentially they'd be working with toiletpaper and bond-o.

          http://www.caib.us/news/report/pdf/vol1/full/cai b_ report_volume1.pdf
      • by Anonymous Coward
        what difference does it make?

        What difference would it have made? With a whole damned week to ten days - or maybe longer - maybe something could have been done.

        NASA didn't even try to fucking look!!!!!!

        Because they we're too damn lazy, cheap, or just plain fucking stupid to even look they doomed the astronauts. Because they wouldn't even take one lousy picture.

        And I know no words strong enough to express my contempt for the lowly asswipes who doomed them.

        And twits like you excuse such actions.

      • Since they had no way of repairing anyway, not enough reserves to get to ISS and no "life boat," what difference does it make?

        There are plenty of vehicles besides shuttles that could reach the orbit Columbia was in. If they had known there was a problem, they could probably have used those to supply Columbia to allow it to stay up until some way for repair or rescue could be devised.

        • There are plenty of vehicles besides shuttles that could reach the orbit Columbia was in.

          Plenty of vehicles? As in the kind that can re-enter and protect passengers? The US only maintains the Shuttle. Russia can only make or rebuild twoSoyuz capsules per year. Europe doesn't have a manned flight program. I think China's design is a one-person only job. What other spaceworthy vehicles are there available? This isn't a case where an Apollo capsule can ge retrieved from the Smithsonian and launched!
          • Plenty of vehicles? As in the kind that can re-enter and protect passengers?

            Who said anything about re-entering and protecting passengers? I said plenty of vehicles that could have been adapted to resupply Columbia to keep it up. The military has plenty of rockets that can reach that orbit, for example, as does the non-military side of the US government, plus several other countries.

            The goal wouldn't be to use one of those to bring the crew back, but rather to supply them to keep them up long enough t

        • Re:Perhaps.... (Score:5, Informative)

          by C10H14N2 ( 640033 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @11:09PM (#7815846)
          They had two weeks of food and three weeks of oxygen. The only options visited in the accident investigation reports are a rapidly deployed Atlantis and on-orbit repair. The former would provide a maximum window of five days assuming absolutely zero error in processing. Considering that would be rolling a three-month process down to two-weeks, one can imagine that likelihood. The latter solution included the possibility of a crew bail-out in case the wings were expected to completely collapse on landing. Bottom line: THREE WEEKS. You don't just lob a Soyuz into the air and hope it hits a shuttle in THREE WEEKS. Sure, there are lots of things that could do the job, but organizing that to happen in less than a month? The crew would die on flight day 31 due to lack of oxygen and it took until day eight just to get all the imagery in line. Now, I don't claim to be qualified in astronautics, but I'm going to give the benefit of the doubt that three weeks is a pretty tight schedule to execute an impromptu orbital rendezvous. Rather than accusing a casual observer of being ignorant, go read the damned report. I trust the findings there to any armchair astronauts on /. http://www.caib.us/news/report/pdf/vol1/full/caib_ report_volume1.pdf
      • Re:Perhaps.... (Score:4, Interesting)

        by eln ( 21727 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @11:24PM (#7815909)
        There was a lengthy article in the Atlantic Monthly about the whole thing, and the short answer is: you're wrong.

        NASA had a few viable options had they know it was a major problem. Engineers at NASA asked the Air Force to take pictures of the damage with spy satellites, outside of normal channels, and the Air Force was ready and willing to comply. NASA managers CANCELLED the request because it didn't follow proper procedure. So, you could make the argument that NASA's beuracratic garbage doomed the shuttle.

        There's no telling if any rescue attempt would have been successful, but by failing to even try, or even to take the necessary steps to determine if there was a problem, NASA reduced the odds of survival to zero.
        • Re:Perhaps.... (Score:3, Insightful)

          by C10H14N2 ( 640033 )
          No, the short answer is: "The Atlantic Monthly had an opinion" and you get your opinion from "The Atlantic Monthly." This does not mean that your opinion derived from "The Atlantic Monthly" is "right" or that mine is "wrong" or, hey, I'm fair, that I'm "right" and you're "wrong." Although I can safely say that you ARE wrong to assume that your opinion is "right" simply because it comes from "The Atlantic Monthly." However, I do have a certain affinity for this article there:

          http://www.theatlantic.com/issue
    • Re:Perhaps.... (Score:5, Insightful)

      by Anonymous Coward on Friday December 26, 2003 @10:15PM (#7815674)
      If they had stretched consumables, fuel, etc. Columbia could have stayed in orbit for another 2 weeks.

      Atlantis was already undergoing checks for a flight in ~a month, and they could have turned her around in time to launch with a skeleton crew, meet up with Columbia, and transfer people over.

      I have no doubt that they could have rescued them, if they had imaged the wing and seen the damage. The shuttle was designed to be turned around in weeks - NASA sold Congress on a flight every week in order to get them to approve the project. Working 24/7, they could have done it. In-space rescue technology has been discuessed for years and someone would have put something together.
      • Re:Perhaps.... (Score:3, Interesting)

        by Stonent1 ( 594886 )
        I wonder about the logistics of two orbiters being tracked. I'm sure NASA has some pretty fine software, but I don't know if it was ever designed to work with two orbiters in flight. For example if both shuttles use the same frequencies for telemetry the software may not have a way to tell which one it is speaking to. What if they had to cut power to Columbia while Atlantis was enroute to prevent interference? There are many questions like this that would have to have been asked and answered before they c
        • Re:Perhaps.... (Score:3, Interesting)

          by blockhouse ( 42351 )
          Well, they set up an in-orbit rendezvous between two Gemini capsules in the mid-60s pretty successfully, if you recall. The technology and expertise are definately there -- it would certainly take some dusting off because a space shuttle is not a Gemini. But it's not impossible.

          But I think the best thing that could have been done would have been to keep all the astronauts on the ISS while awaiting a rescue mission from a Soyuz or another shuttle.
      • Re:Perhaps.... (Score:3, Insightful)

        by nehril ( 115874 )
        Also I recall reading that a number of astronauts in training for future flights said they would have volunteered for a rescue mission, even on a rescue shuttle with drastically curtailed safety checks.

        even if rescue was impossible (and there's no guarantee that it would have been), they could have said "goodbye" to their loved ones and set some affairs in order.
  • by crow ( 16139 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @09:34PM (#7815521) Homepage Journal
    The foam insulation is supposed to keep the tanks from getting too cold (with all that liquid oxygen and hyrdogen). If they are able to use heaters that don't stay with the tanks on launch, it will reduce the weight. Even if the heaters are included in the launch weight, they might weigh less than the foam.
    • by mOoZik ( 698544 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @09:42PM (#7815551) Homepage
      Actually, the purpose of the foam is to keep the tanks from getting warm (as liquid hydrogen/oxygen have very low boiling points) and to keep ice from forming on the exterior.

      • Exactly that was my thought and thats why I ask: why is it a bright idea to use heaters on a tank filled with liquid oxygen and lyquid hydrogen ito prevent ice, instead of insulating it?

        angel'o'sphere
      • Read my other post (a reply to the parent of this one...). The insulation inside the external tank itself is what keeps the LOx and other stuff from heating up. They are also kept at pressure to allow them to get warmer without boiling. The foam that caused the accident was at the point where the shuttle joins the external tank and transfers fuel from it. That insulation is to keep ICE from building up around the junction, as the hoses and such get cold and cause condensation to freeze.

        TM

        p.s. IAAME (i am a

    • They would still need foam.... you only want the skin temperature to be raised. If there were no insulation you would basically be boiling the liquid oxygen inside the tank.... obviously a Bad Idea.
    • by Tmack ( 593755 )
      The foam insulation is supposed to keep the tanks from getting too cold (with all that liquid oxygen and hyrdogen).

      Too cold? LO2 and LH2 have a defined temperature and pressure at which they stay liquid. The tanks keep it liquid by insulation inside the tank itself, and by keeping the tanks at high pressure (higher pressure==higher temp to boil, same reason water boils at lower temps at high altitude, PV=NRt).

      The reason for the foam was to insulate an external portion of the tank, specifically where the

  • by Shivetya ( 243324 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @09:36PM (#7815527) Homepage Journal
    They blow it again and its over. Frankly I am not worried about them actually performing the technology based changes, those are easy. I do not see them making the administrative changes. Oh I see new glossy surface polishing, but underneath what will really change.

    The is Government, they weren't accountable when Challenger blew up, and I doubt anyone was held truly accountable for Columbia.

    Ditch the damn shuttle. All it does is hamper any possibility of real space usage. It is nothing more than a modern day spruce goose. It has so many things that can go wrong something will. I don't know if the nation has the stomach to lose another 7, and I don't want to find out.

    • by Epistax ( 544591 ) <epistax@gmaiAAAl.com minus threevowels> on Friday December 26, 2003 @09:49PM (#7815578) Journal
      I am a fan of mega huge projects, such as the mag lev in Japan/Europe, the multination fusion reactor project, etc, and what I think NASA and every other space agency in the world needs to do right now is allocate funding to research and development of the space elevator. Sure we've invested x billion in what we currently have, but many costs will fall so dramatically as to make it far worth it.

      I'm certainly not the best source of information on it, but everything I've heard is good. Even the worst-case scenario (the obvious tether snap) would result in the mass floating away, not towards, the planet (or so I've read).
      • Snap at the bottom, get slung into space. Snap in the middle, bottom falls down, top falls up. For the "big asteroid counterweight to tension the cable design" at least, snap at the top, whole thing lays down along the equator. Worse case scenarios look about as bad as anything else with that much energy in it.
      • I am a fan of mega huge projects, such as the mag lev in Japan/Europe, the multination fusion reactor project, etc

        I want them to build a mag lev fusion reactor!
        They allready have the magnets, I want to see that baby fly!

        They could have it move from country to country: make it really multinational...
    • by Kjella ( 173770 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @09:56PM (#7815604) Homepage
      Ditch the damn shuttle. All it does is hamper any possibility of real space usage. It is nothing more than a modern day spruce goose. It has so many things that can go wrong something will. I don't know if the nation has the stomach to lose another 7, and I don't want to find out.

      And you didn't think more things could go wrong? The Apollo missions were a suicide run, if you compare the technology. And even in the future, it's likely that people will die in space. They're pioneers. Look at the recent Mars flop, where they can't get contact with the probe. Anything similar with a crew onboard would be fatal.

      The US has a serious problem with lives lost. Not that it is not a bad thing and should be avoided, but sometimes there are risks involved. Like e.g. stationing troops in Iraq, and sending men into space. You must be able to accept some losses in the name of peace, progress and prosperity. Fair? Nope. But it never was, was it?

      Kjella
      • agreed. it's ridiculous for the entire space program to grind to a halt every time there's an accident. it's a dangerous business, i'm sure all the astronauts accept that.
        • by King_TJ ( 85913 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @10:29PM (#7815728) Journal
          Yes, but the question is always whether it was really an unavoidable accident, or blatant negligence. Even in wartime, we understand MANY soldiers will lose their lives - but it doesn't mean we tolerate an officer ordering his troops into certain mass death because of bad planning or decision-making.

          I think the recent hold-ups with NASA have been largely because folks are concerned they're cutting corners on safety -- choosing to save a few dollars rather than do what's most prudent.

          The astronauts may be willing to risk their lives for the sake of the space program, but I think they want to do so as heros, not casualties of NASA cost-cutting gone wrong.
      • Look at the recent Mars flop, where they can't get contact with the probe. Anything similar with a crew onboard would be fatal.

        Who knows what happened with the probe. It could be something that could be fixed with 30 seconds and a screwdriver. The advantage to sending humans into space is that we can adapt and do things that machines simply can't do. While unmanned missions certainly have their uses, we need to still send men and women into space.
      • Apollo reliability (Score:5, Informative)

        by Latent Heat ( 558884 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @11:44PM (#7815970)
        Apollo being a suicide run?

        Lets start with the Saturn V rocket. The thing was designed by the Huntsville Germans. When you think of German engineers, think meticulously designed and crafted, expensive as heck, and reliable. Did they ever lose a Saturn (Saturn V or Saturn Ib) in flight? Titan was much cheaper than Saturn but hasn't had quite the same record.

        OK, now consider the Apollo CM with its ablative heatshield and low-lift blunt-body design. And with a Max Faget solid-fuel tractor escape rocket. Compare with Shuttle with wings, and tiles, and computers flying the thing and with the Shuttle parallel to the tanks where stuff can fall off or blow up. In the Challenger explosion, the crew capsule remained intact and killed the crew when it hit the water. If something happened to the Saturn rocket, the Apollo crew had an escape rocket, they had space suits to survice a cabin puncture, and they had parachutes to make a safe water landing.

        Sure Apollo was primitive by comparison, primitive in the sense of Keep It Simple, Stupid (and Safe). Oh, and Apollo had redundant space crafts so even when the Service Module was blown to shreds (as a result of ground handling to empty a balky oxygen tank by running tank heaters until the insulation burned off), they brought back to crew, although one guy had a 103 F plus fever from a urinary infection because he didn't think they had enough electric power for him to take a leak often enough.

        Give me Apollo primitive over Shuttle any day.

        • by Idarubicin ( 579475 ) on Saturday December 27, 2003 @09:06AM (#7816926) Journal
          Lets start with the Saturn V rocket. The thing was designed by the Huntsville Germans. When you think of German engineers, think meticulously designed and crafted, expensive as heck, and reliable. Did they ever lose a Saturn (Saturn V or Saturn Ib) in flight? Titan was much cheaper than Saturn but hasn't had quite the same record.

          Well, the first stage was designed largely by the Germans. They built it simple, reliable, and strong. The original design for the Saturn V first stage (the S-1C) called for four F1 engines. When this was later bumped up to add a fifth engine, engineers found that the structure was sufficiently beefy that little extra bracing was needed. It was fuelled by kerosene (JP-1) and liquid oxygen. It was simple, rock-solid, sturdy, and reliable. It was a truly beautiful monster, and it did its job admirably.

          North American designed the second stage (the Saturn S-II). Since the S-II stayed with the rocket longer and higher, weight was much more important. Liquid hydrogen had to be used for its higher energy density than kerosene. Traditional rugged German rocket engineering would have made the S-II solid, reliable--and too heavy to fly. The S-II components were designed to bear a load precisely 1.5 times the load anticipated in flight. Parts that were too strong were shaved down and tested until they failed at exactly 1.5, so as to save every ounce of weight.

          Probably the biggest engineering challenge of the S-II was construction of its common bulkhead between the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks. Despite both being cryogenic liquids, in use they're about seventy degrees (Celsius) apart in temperature. Usually this was a nonissue: the top of one tank and the bottom of the other were hemispherical, and met at only a single point. Unfortunately, such construction added weight, so for the S-II (and for the third stage, the S-IVB) a common bulkhead design was used, where a single hemisphere formed the wall between the two tanks. Entirely new techniques had to be developed to assemble the structure--miles of perfect welds were required; the metal was shaped by being pounded into a mold with explosives. And they had to do it twice for each S-II--two thin hemispheres of aluminum sandwiched a layer of insulation to make the bulkhead. Absolutely phenomenal, and way beyond anything that the Germans (or anyone else) had done before that point.

          Anyway, IANAA (I am not an American) but I hate to see all of the engineers at North American Aviation and Boeing (for the S-IVB) get shrugged off--the Germans were instrumental without question in the early US space program, but credit where credit is due...the S-II and the S-IVB worked absolutely perfectly (to my knowledge) throughout the Apollo program. (Almost--a single J-2 engine of the five on the S-II failed to ignite on Apollo 13. This alone had no impact on the mission, and certainly was the smallest issue that 13 faced.)

          Oh, and Apollo had redundant space crafts so even when the Service Module was blown to shreds (as a result of ground handling to empty a balky oxygen tank by running tank heaters until the insulation burned off), they brought back to crew, although one guy had a 103 F plus fever from a urinary infection because he didn't think they had enough electric power for him to take a leak often enough.

          The redundant spacecraft didn't exist because NASA anticipated a possible accident (explosion of the service module) and supply an extra spaceship. There was a second ship present because the mission required it--the only way the Americans could get to the moon on a short schedule was by leaving most of the craft (command and service modules) in orbit, and landing the smallest ship possible--the lunar module. It was a lucky coincidence that Apollo 13 could use the lunar module in that way, and even then, it wasn't really designed with a 'lifeboat' capacity in mind. A favourite example is in the case of the ship's scrubbers--lithium hydroxide canister

          • by HeghmoH ( 13204 ) on Saturday December 27, 2003 @07:00PM (#7819268) Homepage Journal
            the S-II and the S-IVB worked absolutely perfectly (to my knowledge) throughout the Apollo program. (Almost--a single J-2 engine of the five on the S-II failed to ignite on Apollo 13. This alone had no impact on the mission, and certainly was the smallest issue that 13 faced.)

            A small correction to an otherwise excellent post. The center engine failure on Apollo 13 was not failure to ignite, it was a premature shutdown. That in itself is not very interesting, but the reason why is. Both the first and second stages of Saturn were susceptible to a pogo effect, where vibrations in the structure could get into a feedback and shake things up quite a bit. Normally this wasn't too big of a problem; modifications were introduced to lessen the effect as the program went on, but even without the modifications there weren't much in the way of problems (aside from some things breaking in the payload during the launch of Apollo 6). But on Apollo 13's second stage, the pogo was particularly bad. It was a few seconds away from ripping the entire second stage to tiny pieces when the shutdown occurred. The vibration had started fuel sloshing around, which fooled a sensor into shutting the center engine down early, which stopped the pogo. I don't think this would have lead to a loss of the crew, but it certainly would have got their blood pumping, and of course the mission would have been completely scrapped. But it didn't blow up, and the launch went fine.

            On the other side of things, Apollo 12 got hit by lightning on the way up. Twice. Aside from some electronics being reset and a whole bunch of near-heart attacks, the rocket just shrugged it off. And the shuttle's reaction to being launched when it's a tad too cold is to simply explode without warning. Sigh.
    • by arth1 ( 260657 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @10:47PM (#7815767) Homepage Journal
      They blow it again and its over. Frankly I am not worried about them actually performing the technology based changes, those are easy. I do not see them making the administrative changes. Oh I see new glossy surface polishing, but underneath what will really change.


      NASA, like many other big organisations and corporations, has long since reached critical bureaucratic mass. What this means is that ANY big change is only going to increase bureaucracy, and never reduce it. Even if the intention is to reduce bureacracy, you'll end up with NEW administrative positions creating procedures for doing so, and enough paperwork for the bureacracy reduction to warrant at least a 5% increase in administration, or if this is not possible, at least a 5% increased administrative workload for non-administrative positions.

      The only way to get out of this is if a new organization or company can take the place of the old. When we're talking about government-funded large scale operations like NASA, it just isn't going to happen any time soon. Our hope, ironically enough, is that China gets their space program together. Then, and only then, can NASA die and be replaced with something less porky.

      Regards,
      --
      *Art
    • Ditch the damn shuttle.

      And replace it with what?

      They shouldn't ditch the shuttle until another viable alternative is ready. We probably both agree that they should be funding alternative launch vehicles more agressively.

      But don't ditch the shuttle until there's a better option. I'd rather have us still go to space instead of wait for the development of a new vehicle to come to completion.

  • It'll be alright (Score:4, Interesting)

    by ActionPlant ( 721843 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @09:36PM (#7815528) Homepage
    I'm sure they'll get it right. Considering the number of flights, the two big accidents (Challenger and Columbia) were tragic to be sure. Statistically they're doing alright. The math shouldn't be too tough. It does sound funny, but every time they fix something, that's one more thing that hopefully won't go wrong in the future. I for one have high hopes for the future of our space program.

    Damon,
  • Hmmm... (Score:5, Insightful)

    by mOoZik ( 698544 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @09:37PM (#7815533) Homepage
    While it is probably a step in the right direction, I find it saddening that we must have disasters to begin upgrading certain aspects of the shuttles. In my opinion, every aspect of the fleet should always be tested, simulated, improved, and tested some more every single month. Who's to say that another shuttle won't go down in a decade or so due to a problem that was never considered?

    • In my opinion, every aspect of the fleet should always be tested, simulated, improved, and tested some more every single month.

      And where's the money for that going to come from. NASA's budget is stretched to the limit as it is. That needs to be upgraded first. If they're not careful the failures they have had with probes because of Faster, Better, Cheaper will cross over to manned flights.
    • In my opinion, every aspect of the fleet should always be tested, simulated, improved, and tested some more every single month.

      That's a great idea, there's only the slight hitch of funding.

      NASA's budget is continously being scaled back. One can look at the recent Beagle 2 failure to see that testing is really important, and cutting testing in the interest of saving $$$ lowers the odds of success. Given enough missions, the failure will eventually happen.

  • by radicalskeptic ( 644346 ) <x&gmail,com> on Friday December 26, 2003 @09:38PM (#7815535)
    This is just avoiding what many people see as the obvious conclusion: the space shuttle in its current incarnation needs to be replaced. It was designed before I was born.

    Unfortunately it looks like NASA is moving in the wrong direction [popsci.com], cutting the funding from their shuttle replacement project. Of course, I'm all for making the existing shuttles safer, and what they're doing now is a good idea.
    • It was designed before I was born.

      I keep seeing this argument and I must protest. I routinely fly aircraft that were designed and built long before I was born. The space shuttle is not a car. They don't just haul it in every three months for an oil change and then pray that the "check engine" light stays off during launch. While I believe improvements need to be made, writing something off simply because it's old is wasteful and short-sighted.

    • Cause and effect.

      Yes, they shouldn't have scrapped their shuttle replacement project. But don't blame the NASA folks. Blame the US budget allocators for reducing NASA's budget.

      In your link it said the $6 billion expected for shuttle replacement has mushroomed to $35 billion. I don't suppose you have that kind of cash lying around to keep funding this program?

      • by ColaMan ( 37550 ) on Saturday December 27, 2003 @12:01AM (#7816000) Journal
        In your link it said the $6 billion expected for shuttle replacement has mushroomed to $35 billion. I don't suppose you have that kind of cash lying around to keep funding this program?


        35 billion? That's only half of that 'war fund' that your prez rammed through congress. Cash seems easy enough to get your hands on, if you can work a WMD or terrorist threat into it.

        NASA (to congress): "We have reason to believe that Osama Bin Laden is cunningly hiding in space, possibly on the Moon or Mars. We'll need some cash to go design and build a ship to pick him up."

        Congress: "Hmmmm...."

        NASA (thinking quickly) : "Oh , er, it looks like he might have a, er, WMD or two with him as well..."

        Congress: "Here's 35 Billion dollars. Go."

        NASA (collectively steepling fingers): "Exxxcellent."
  • by Hallowed ( 229057 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @09:52PM (#7815588)
    You can thank the NIMBY's and the treehuggers for the Columbia accident....If the fission-hydrogen rockets had been allowed it would not have been an issue (more thrust, therefore more weight, and a REAL reuseable rocket and we might actually be on Mars by now.....

    http://www.lascruces.com/~mrpbar/rocket.html

    blah

    • You are forgetting that the Columbia incident had nothing to do with the engine system. The "Nuclear Rocket" uses hydrgen as its fuel, which also needs to be kept cool, hence a similar scenario of foams and what not. Needless to say, you don't want radioactive material showering down on the whole world if it decides to explode in midair, and statistically speaking, that scenario would be inevitable.

    • Actually, you can thank the backroom politics of Werner von Braun and his friends, plus the fact that chemical rockets made more sense to the politicians with the bags of money. These decisions were made before treehugging NIMBYs were a serious political force in America.

      Besides, treehugging NIMBYism isn't the only reason to be skeptical of using nuke power to get from the surface to orbit, although I suppose a lot of backyards did catch pieces of Columbia.

      Further reading of interest: Project Orion, The M
  • "Those changes will be included as the direct result of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board's final report, released in August, which detailed 15 recommendations NASA must do before resuming shuttle flights"
    I, for one, am appalled that it took a spectacular explosion, mass media coverage and the unfortunate deaths of shuttle crew to be able to reach this point. Is this really what is required to be able for technology to advance? I once heard in a movie once, that the shuttle was the result of "th
    • I believe the movie was Apollo 13 (although I could be wrong) and the quote was basically "How does it feel to be sitting on 2 engines that can produce x thousand pounds of thrust and were assembled by the cheapest bidder". My concern is that by operating in that manner you lose all feedback as well as the brains of the people actually putting it together, once it's finshed
    • Many major (especially government) projects are put up for tender.

      The whole idea of the tender process, is to find the lowest priced quotation to implement a solution within a given set of specifications.

      Now, of course, this does not necessarily mean that the cheapest quotation will be the one selected; but, human nature being what it is, and the simple fact that most if not all projects lack a certain thing known as "an infinite budget", generally you can pretty much bet your life savings on the least $$
  • That's not a technical but an organizational Problem

    You don't need more technology to read an email from a technician or engineer who warns because of missing or destroyed isolation foam.

    The NASA has to change the way on how to react on such warnings.
  • by Howzer ( 580315 ) * <grabshot&hotmail,com> on Friday December 26, 2003 @10:10PM (#7815657) Homepage Journal
    The Space Transportation System (STS), which is essentially the shuttle main engines + the big tank in the middle and the two solid fuel boosters on the sides, is a fantastic heavy lift vehicle which has undergone significant testing (all shuttle flights) with one failure from which much was learnt. The take-home fact:

    The STS is capable of lifting over 100 tonnes to Low Earth Orbit, or throwing 40 tonnes to Mars (with an appropriate small upper stage).

    Capacity like that means humans to Mars in a decade [nw.net] or doubling the size of the current ISS (into something useful) in ONE THROW. Or, having an Apollo-class launcher ready for the let's-go-back-to-Luna folk.

    The Shuttle, on the other hand, the Winnebago of space exploration, is a horrible hybrid device. It's essentially a portable space station, which is fine when you don't have one, but now we do. It's not a good repair vehicle (a capsule would be much better and hugely cheaper), it's not a good "escape pod" (not even the ISS uses it for that purpose), and it's not a good space transport system, because it itself weighs ninety of those precious, expensive, to-orbit tonnes.

    My heart sank when I read that more space dollars were going to be spent "upgrading" this thing that has trapped us firmly in Earth's orbit for 20 years.

    Come on NASA! Show some balls! Show us just a little bit of the "right stuff" you used to manufacture in bulk. Pick a destination, strip the shuttle off the stack, and GO THERE.
    • by Anonymous Coward
      It goes to show exactly how much politics rather than technical merit drives the projects that NASA spends their funding on.

      It is easy to rally people behind something like the Shuttle just because of the coolness factor. Try to get the same type of response for a simple heavy lift space vehicle and you'll be left out in the cold as far as funding is concerned.
    • The "right stuff" was so right because of fierce competition during the cold war. Now that the U.S. is the superpower, it no longer has anything to prove, and tax payers are anxious about spending more money on the space program. We spend so much on defense yet so little on what may eventually save our asses: space exploration.

    • by evilWurst ( 96042 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @11:16PM (#7815875) Journal
      "or doubling the size of the current ISS (into something useful) in ONE THROW"

      Um... no, think about it for a moment. That won't work unless you can collapse all those parts as if they were empty cardboard boxes and then re-assemble in orbit. I doubt many of the big workhorse rocket designs ever lift close to their true capacity - the awkwardness of the payload (in terms of aerodynamics and balance) is not trivial. And then if you get that to work but require human assembly at the destination, you still need to send people up, except now you're sending them on something else at the same time. Now you've got to manage two spacecraft designs, two coordinated launches, and so on.

      While I agree with your general idea (learn from the old stuff and do BETTER), spaceflight hasn't gotten any easier, and upgrades to spacecraft aren't as simple as swapping out a video card and loading new drivers...

      (Personally, I think we should try to do everything at once - do better rockets AND build the space elevator. They are different enough projects that they wouldn't steal specialist engineers from each other, thus we could work on both at the same time. If either one works, we win, and if the elevator works we really really really win)
  • How many Soyuz capsules could we throw for the cost of maintaining the great white space elephant again?

    NASA really has learned nothing.
  • by harlows_monkeys ( 106428 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @10:35PM (#7815737) Homepage
    I wonder if heating up a tank with liquid oxygen is a bright idea

    If keeping it from going below a certain temperature by insultating it is OK, then heating it to that temperature would be OK. Why would you think otherwise?

  • by iminplaya ( 723125 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @10:42PM (#7815752) Journal
    space heaters?
  • All of the posts seem centered on the fact that people died. Yes they did. People die. When they die in such a worthy endeavor they become heroes. People have been dying this way for a long time (centuries in fact). How will you die? The majority of /.ers will die and not be even heard about. These people die as heroes and published in the national press with parades in their hometowns. I can only hope to be celebrated in death so well. Reality is that these people achieved greatness in the risk that they
    • All of the posts seem centered on the fact that people died. Yes they did. People die. When they die in such a worthy endeavor they become heroes. People have been dying this way for a long time (centuries in fact). How will you die? The majority of /.ers will die and not be even heard about. These people die as heroes and published in the national press with parades in their hometowns. I can only hope to be celebrated in death so well.

      If it's all the same to you, I'd rather trade a heroes death for a fe

  • I guess we'll see if the heaters ever ignite the LOX.
  • by EvanED ( 569694 ) <evaned@noSpam.gmail.com> on Friday December 26, 2003 @10:50PM (#7815776)
    "I wonder if heating up a tank with liquid oxygen is a bright idea."

    They had heaters *in* the oxygen tanks at least on the Apollo missions. Such a heater was in part responsible for the Apollo 13 near-disaster, though that was caused by a whose string of failures.
  • I wonder if heating up a tank with liquid oxygen is a bright idea.

    I wonder if the author is a rocket scientist... I would guess no.

  • I take offense (Score:3, Interesting)

    by bigjnsa500 ( 575392 ) <bigjnsa500@@@yahoo...com> on Friday December 26, 2003 @11:15PM (#7815873) Homepage Journal
    I take offense at these posts. Whoever said space travel was supposed to be safe? It is NOT! The takeoff itself is a controlled explosion. What happens in flight is something we have to deal with.

    Space MUST keep going regardless of disasters. It's the nature of the business.

    Do you guys wanna live on Earth when all its resources are deplited and the population is HUGE? Uh, no I didn't think so. Me, I wanna live on the moon base or Mars if I can live that long.

    Hahahaha.. it's next retirement paradise for the dotcom guys/gals; forget Florida ;(

    • Re:I take offense (Score:3, Insightful)

      by sunspot42 ( 455706 )
      >Whoever said space travel was supposed to be safe?

      Screw safe - how about cost-effective? The Shuttle was already the most expensive launch vehicle in the world on a per-pound basis BEFORE this latest disaster. Manned or unmanned. Now, it'll be even MORE outrageously overpriced.

      It should be dumped immediately and replaced with Soyuz for manned launches, and an array of unmanned boosters for cargo launches. Giant-sized payloads can wait for the higher-capacity Atlas, Delta and Ariane boosters that a
  • by dtrent ( 448055 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @11:22PM (#7815899)
    I wonder if heating up a tank with liquid oxygen is a bright idea.

    Yeah, maybe NASA will finally get their shit together and check things with some random Java programmer before their next mission. NASA, FOR THE LOVE OF GOD, COME TO YOUR SENSES AND CONSULT A RANDOM JAVA DEVELOPER ON THE TANK HEATERS, HUMAN LIVES ARE AT STAKE.
  • by JordanH ( 75307 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @11:27PM (#7815923) Homepage Journal
    ...that piling on more and more complicated systems to try and correct for other problems just means there is ultimately more things that can go wrong.

    People will believe that if the sensors don't show it, it must not be there. The heating systems will complicate and potentially lead to other, new kinds of catastrophic failure (as anticipated by the /. editor Michael's comment on the wisdom of heating a large tank of liquid oxygen).

    This article [theatlantic.com] is must reading, I think.

  • Kludge (Score:3, Insightful)

    by squarooticus ( 5092 ) on Friday December 26, 2003 @11:41PM (#7815959) Homepage
    These "fixes" are what we in the software industry call "kludges": solutions very specific to particular problems, and therefore not designed to detect, much less fix, even similar yet not identical problems.

    The right fix is to architect a new system that is not vulnerable to these problems in the first place. But I suspect that will happen only with private spaceflight and resulting fiscal accountability.
    • Re:Kludge (Score:3, Insightful)

      Possibly, but not necessarily. There are plenty of other governments and organisations getting into the game. Once China or the EU make a decent go it, who knows what will happen. I know one thing though, China's space program isn't going to grind to a halt if they lose 7 astronauts.
  • justification (Score:3, Interesting)

    by tofu2go ( 727555 ) on Saturday December 27, 2003 @12:09AM (#7816022)

    for all the people asking why it is that NASA isn't making changes until an incident has happened, i.e. why not change things proactively...

    there's a saying, "if it ain't broke, don't fix it."

    this phrase is especially insightful for situations where change can be disastrous. there is risk associated with every change, i.e. something can go wrong or the change may have unforeseen problems.

    given that the space shuttle for the most part has been relatively reliable, i don't think anyone at NASA is prepared to stick their neck out and say we should introduce a lot of changes.

    not only that, changes cost $$$. and somehow, i don't think NASA has much of that to spare as it is.

    this is not my opinion, i'm merely trying to see things from NASA's perspective.

    my own opinion is that more work should be dedicated to developing a more appropriate modern shuttle. the person who posted and said that NASA should design a lighter shuttle that takes advantage of the fact that we have a space station, and that the current shuttle's weight takes up too much of the precious thrust payload has the right idea.

    also, if they could build a modular space station, why can't they build a module space shuttle? and if the space station can be an international effort, why can't a space shuttle? humans in space should be a global effort, not the effort of any one country; cooperating and sharing our development efforts and resources would certainly accelerate our progress. (this is a bit idealistic, as i can understand that tensions between countries would make such cooperation difficult).

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