NASA Consider "Demanning" Space Station 360
Heartbreak writes "James Oberg, in an article for MSNBC, says that NASA is making contingency plans to leave the International Space Station without a permanent crew for up to a year if the Russians can't deliver the required Soyuz and Progress spacecraft to support it. A serviceable Soyuz is required to evacuate the crew in an emergency when the US Shuttle isn't there, and Progress is needed for resupply. The Russian space program is doddering on the edge of financial collapse after several recent setbacks, including the failure of Lance Bass to pay up.
What SF writer could have imagined that humanity's dream of exploring space would be brought to the edge of extinction by the financial irresponsibility of a pop music star? It would be a boring and depressing story, at best." Of course, some would argue that the space station was a boondoogle to start with.
Stupid! (Score:5, Insightful)
In order to get to other worlds we need better technology. Better technology does not grow on trees, it must be created. Without a manned space program we will not create that technology, and arguably without the space station there is not much of a manned space program left.
Stop this madness, before it is too late!
Re:Stupid! (Score:5, Insightful)
The basic problem with this view is its starry eyed idealism.
The ISS isn't our stepping stone to the stars, or if it is, it is like saying your front porch is your portal to the rest of the world. Stepping out on your front porch isn't a significant help to getting half way around the globe, and the ISS isn't anywhere close to getting us to the stars.
This wouldn't be all that bad, except that our ISS stepping stone is a very expensive stepping stone. It costs real money to maintain, money that could be available for other projects, projects that would more reasonably allow us to fufill our goal of reaching out to the stars. The luxury of storing soft squishy humans in orbit is just that: a luxury. In these tough economic times, it makes sense to reconsider spending on luxury items.
I'm just about as gung-ho on space exploration as they get, but I'd like to see more bang for the buck from our science projects.
Re:Stupid! (Score:4, Insightful)
Well said. There are serious problems with the ISS in concept and in execution, but its biggest problem is how much it has cost and is likely to cost in the future. And NASA has NEVER had a good handle on what those costs will be. Congress has bigger fish to fry, but sooner or later they're going to get infuriated at all the flim-flam
I think the best thing to do is de-crew the ISS for a year or two, with 2-3 shuttle flights a year to check it out. Everyone else stand down, and no more damn presidential commissions - let's get serious about deciding what to do with this thing and what it's worth paying for.
That said, I don't think the justification needs to be purely scientific. The critics of manned space flight have always had the argument that for the short to medium term, better research can be done for the same money. It's a good argument, if the only return you're looking for is scientific.
I disagree. (Score:5, Insightful)
First and foremost, there is no problem with idealism. Idealism is not a bad thing. Idealism is what pushes people to change the world.
Secondly, the front porch IS the portal to the rest of the world. I am currently on crutches, due to an accident, and just getting myself to the front frikkin door of my building requires work, some pain, and ingenuity. But it's a start. And if I figure out a new crutching technique while hitting those stairs, well, things have just got a little easier next time.
In fact, stepping out on your front porch is a NECESSITY to getting halfway around the globe.
I believe that Tolkien is in my corner for this one:
"...there was only one Road; that it was like a great river: its springs were at every doorstep, and every path was its tributary. "It's a dangerous business, Frodo, going out of your door," he used to say. "You step into the Road, and if you don't keep your feet, there is no knowing where you might be swept off to."
I know, not exactly a scientific authority, but I think it speaks to my viewpoint- if we take that first step out the door, the stars don't seem so far away.
LOTR! Two Towers! Two days! Oh man!
I digress.
I believe that the space station offers us the challenges of surviving and working in space, in a very real, day to day way. We will encounter problems, setbacks and innovations that we simply wouldn't get just from unmanned satellites and on-Earth experiments.
As far as it being a waste of government money, I can think of plenty of off-topic things that the geovernment wastes it's resources on, that are far less valuable, interesting and inspiring as the ISS.Re:Stupid! (Score:4, Interesting)
So what do you do, climb out the window?
The ISS may not be the a literal 'stepping stone' in that respect, but there's still a lot of technical hurdles that need to be tackled before manned space exploration becomes really viable... and the ISS is (or was intended to be) a great place to develop that technology.
I say we find a way to make it profitable. Everyone knows that once there's money to be made development takes off (no pun intended). Maybe NASA should consider bringing tourists into space just for the extra revenue!
=Smidge=
Re:Stupid! (Score:3, Interesting)
Re:Stupid! (Score:3, Informative)
Yeah, right. Do you have any idea how much the ISS costs? $100 billion. Each shuttle flight costs $400 million. Even a Soyuz costs $100 million, and the Russians take a tourist only when they have an unused seat on the flight.
At the current going rate of $10 million a tourist (and $10 million tourists are pretty rare), you'd need to get 10 in every Soyuz (capacity 3) and 40 in every Shuttle (capacity 7) to break even on launch costs alone. Then throw in the cost of the space station... ha, ha. Profitable -- not in this lifetime. But then again, since "everyone knows" that there's money to be made, these numbers *must* be wrong.
Re:Stupid! (Score:2, Informative)
Re:Stupid! (Score:2, Informative)
This is an urban legend. The theory goes that trains were designed based on wagon hardware, and hence the size of a mule team. But there were several competing guages in the early days of rail, so it doesn't fly.
None the less, being able to transport your parts by rail makes sense (they aren't shipped in one peice in any case, they're too long) and there is certainly no evidence that making the boosters wider would reduce launch costs. It may cost 10X as much to lift cargo by shuttle as by the estimates of the contractors who want to build the "next generation replacement", but that still doesn't make space tourism realistic. By your numbers, just to break even, each launch needs 4 tourists paying 10 million a peice. How many launches do you expect to fund this way?
Re:Stupid! (Score:3, Insightful)
Real scientific research goes on up there in areas that will offer significant benefits to future off-planet manufacturing, mining and general exploration. Moreover, I think that this stuff is necessary simply because as technologically adept as our species is proving to be, we're incredibly stupid with regard to controlling our population so as to live in harmony with our environment. It's only a matter of time before overcrowding puts us in a position where we really do need to consider living off-planet.
I don't think we'll be wise enough to avoid it, to be pessimistically honest. I quite agree, but urge you to consider that long-term gains are often trashed in the search for short-term profits. Make no mistake, space exploration is a long-term project. To expect it to be anything but a money pit within the next 50 years is just silly. Hell, we haven't even been flying earth-bound for all that long. Keep things in perspective. Man, do I ever agree! Unfortunately, a researcher's agenda is often closely tied to an investor's purse. NASA's just living within the contraints of what they had to sell to maintain funding.
More practical than it seems, Grasshopper... (Score:4, Insightful)
(1) A solid understanding of the effect of long-duration (3+ years) exposure to space in closed habitation.
(2) Development of self-sustaining ecologies for said closed habitation.
(3) Psychological and health studies to maintain crew safety and performance during said mission.
(4) Development of technologies to allow us to construct large structures on-orbit (since no Mars-bound vessel will be small enough to fit on the end of an Energia booster).
(5) Development of long-term logisitics support for these types of mission.
(6) Development of practical management techniques to effectively manage large, long-duration, multi-national space programs (dont underestimate the importance of managment science... Apollo was as much about figuring out how to MANAGE a moon mission as it was about actually getting to the moon).
Now, how, exactly, could we learn ANY of these things without having a space station?
Granted, the current ISS has been poorly managed, but dont go calling it 'useless' since we need to learn quite a bit before we can move on to interplanetary manned missions.
Re:Stupid! (Score:5, Interesting)
Re:Stupid! (Score:2, Insightful)
Agreed. If we can spend billions on a retarded program to monitor our own citizens (Total Information Awareness), we can certainly spend what it takes to keep the space program alive.
Space exploration is an investment in the future of humanity, and its benefits are not only to extra-terrestrial activities. Many of the materials and products used today rely on things invented in the space program.
Re: NASA Consider "Demanning" Space Station (Score:5, Funny)
Re: NASA Consider "Demanning" Space Station (Score:5, Funny)
Re: NASA Consider "Demanning" Space Station (Score:5, Interesting)
good riddance (Score:3, Insightful)
A fair way to handle the fiasco would be to force all NASA programs to compete in the same kind of peer review that's required for NSF and DOE science. This would have the effect of killing off the crewed space program, while steering more funding to uncrewed probes, which are what actually do the science.
Re:good riddance (Score:5, Insightful)
Re:good riddance (Score:2)
Re:good riddance (Score:5, Funny)
Re:good riddance (Score:4, Funny)
On the contrary, the ISS is a great science aid. As it orbits the earth, it proves that Newtonian physics applies even to very big, heavy, oddly shaped objects. Fortunately, this valuable validation of Newton's theories works equally well whether the station is manned or not.
I look forward to the ISS orbiting for many years as it helps to show the time invariance of Newton's laws of nature.
Re:good riddance (Score:2)
That's a typo, right?
The Point of Space Travel Is Not Science (Score:2)
The science hook, in any case, invariably fails because, short of finding giant Clarkeian monoliths floating in space, the research that is done is yawningly invisible to everyone but the participants.
Science will happen in space, just as science happened when the aircraft industry built a global capability in the 30's and 40's. Remember, this, though, PanAm didn't start flying paying passengers across oceans for research purposes.
Re:good riddance (Score:3, Interesting)
A bit trite? (Score:2, Insightful)
Would they? Who? And why?
I find it a little trite to dismiss the effort of the International Space Station with a quick phrase that has no backing. Reasons? Well then, suggest 'em!
Cheers,
Ian
Re:A bit trite? (Score:5, Insightful)
I think the U.S. has dropped the ball on space exploration. Without such a national mission, we are reduced to such worthwhile causes as "providing affordable housing", prescription drug insurance and other European style goals that do nothing but drain the treasury.
The U.S. will sink back into the '70s morass if it drops the space ball. It's primarily through great national projects that the great technological achievements occur. I say, pour money into the ISS and damn the naysayers. Send a manned mission to Mars within 10 years. Build a permanent station on the Moon. The tech exists; all it needs now is political will.
He's got guts... (Score:5, Funny)
All I know is that when I'm building a bomb shelter in my backyard becuase Lance caused another missile crisis, and we're counting on Junior to save our asses, I'm gonnd be hella-pissed.
No moolah. Nada. (Score:5, Funny)
He's broke, on account of being ripped off by those nasty P2P criminals.
Re:He's got guts... (Score:2)
Second of all, there is no more KGB. They were officially disbanded back in '91, after the attempted coup. The Russian spy agency is now the SVR, though much of the personnel remains the same.
Give me a break! (Score:5, Funny)
geesh (Score:5, Funny)
I mean how bad can it be that you have to financially depend on a group that depends upon Lance Bass for financial support?
somebody oughta get fired for this one....
Re:geesh (Score:4, Funny)
Re:geesh (Score:4, Funny)
One thing that's funny that I noticed was that the American press releases about the ISS always described it as "a joint project by x many nations led by the United States" while the same press release from the Russians said "a joint project by x many nations led by the Russian Federation". Otherwise, the two documents were identical.
ISS? Should be USS... (Score:5, Interesting)
Re:ISS? Should be USS... (Score:2)
Um, you seem to be under the impression that the US has this capability. The point of this whole "cooperation" dealie wasn't to patronize other countries, it's because their help is necessary.
Re:ISS? Should be USS... (Score:2, Insightful)
Sure, to do it on the scale it is being done. My point is that we need to either (a) scale back to a project we can afford, or (b) increase the budget to support the project we want to do.
Re:ISS? Should be USS... (Score:2)
Re:ISS? Should be USS... (Score:2)
More like BYOO2.
Well Thanks, Lance. (Score:4, Funny)
Not the death of space travel (Score:5, Interesting)
ISS: largely worthless for science (Score:5, Interesting)
To put it very briefly - as I already have (puts on fireproof suit) - the sooner we focus on the exploration of space, the sooner we retain the excitement and imagination of exploring, which is what we do best.
Re:ISS: largely worthless for science (Score:5, Informative)
Re:ISS: largely worthless for science (Score:2)
Re:ISS: largely worthless for science (Score:2)
Re:ISS: largely worthless for science (Score:3, Interesting)
the sooner we focus on the exploration of space, the sooner we retain the excitement and imagination of exploring, which is what we do best.
It's not really excitement that's needed. The sooner we focus on the exploitation of space, the sooner we will have a sustainable space program.
The neccessary capital will not be there untill there is obvious potential for profit.
Re:ISS: largely worthless for science (Score:2)
The neccessary capital will not be there untill there is obvious potential for profit.
Thank you for demonstrating a future without humanity.
of course (Score:3, Funny)
Forget Lance... (Score:2, Funny)
We should take up a collection and send up someone who would at least be entertaining to watch in space:
OZZY!!!
NAA needs focus. (Score:2, Funny)
NASA Consider "Demanning" Space Station (Score:4, Funny)
Re:NASA Consider "Demanning" Space Station (Score:3, Insightful)
There's a reason they're called 'boy' bands.
would a redesign be realistic? (Score:2)
Ok now where's my rocket engine powered car?
Bad idea to begin with? (Score:3, Interesting)
Irresponsibility & blame (Score:4, Funny)
What SF writer could have imagined a government that would make a significant portion of humanity's dream of exporing space dependant on an irresponsible pop star?
Why is space travel so expensive? (Score:2, Interesting)
Re:Why is space travel so expensive? (Score:2)
Re:Why is space travel so expensive? (Score:2, Interesting)
I can't resist plugging my favorite cost cutting measure:
only short vegetarian women should be allowed to be astronauts.
They not only weigh less, they eat less and breathe less and take up less space, so the total payload savings would be substantial. Brawn is not what's needed in space -- we only have big beefy astronauts because NASA draws so many from the military. If strong and agile is required, how about former gymnasts or maybe (champion rock climber) Lynn Hill?
rocket economist [annmariabell.com]
Regression. (Score:5, Funny)
Now, we're bringing home everyone from orbit.
Give it another few years, and we'll be crawling back into the oceans.
of course... (Score:3, Funny)
Hmmm.. I'd say its more of a space-dongle (and poorly implemented at that).
m
Edge of Extinction? (Score:5, Insightful)
The journey into space is a journey. It will take a long time, and there will be plenty of hiccups along the way, but it will happen. The first pioneer from New York who wanted to settle California probably didn't make it all the way - he probably stopped part way, and helped establish a town, and the next guy coming through was able to get farther.
Maybe the ISS isn't the right answer. Maybe space elevators are the right way to enable large-scale space travel. No one knows. But claiming that we're going to stop going into space because of a relatively minor setback is foolish. Where else are we going to go?
Re:Edge of Extinction? (Score:5, Funny)
And look at what happened.
We now have Cleveland.
The key is commercialism (Score:4, Insightful)
Skylab Redux? (Score:5, Insightful)
This kind of like Skylab all over again, isn't it?
Skylab was never intended to be abandonned permanantly. The shuttle program was supposed to be done in time to boost Skylab's orbit and reoccupy America's first "space station." But budgets and schedules being what they are... The shuttle launched late, and Skylab's orbit decayed early.
So, when they say they're going to "temporarily" un-man ISS, I woner how temporary that would be...
Re:Skylab Redux? (Score:3, Insightful)
demanning slashdot, too? (Score:5, Funny)
Would someone please shed some light on this .. (Score:2)
I would be surprised, because I saw him boasting on the TV, how this has been always his dream, since his childhood (which was last year).
So what's the straight story here?
The 120 Mile High Club (Score:5, Funny)
It would produce some unique science...
Why don't we just foot the bill.. (Score:3, Insightful)
In related news.... (Score:5, Funny)
And the loss would be? (Score:5, Insightful)
The point is this: landing men on the moon was sexy. People were desperate for it. The goal wasn't just NASA's but was that of the entire country. And the goal of the ISS would be? Would be? Beuller? Beuller?
Why did we go to the moon? I would wager that part of the reason we went was because it sounded cool to do. I know that's simplistic and there was the whole cold war to think of, but basically, it was really, really cool as in, "dude, we walked on the moon." In the process a whole slew of stuff happened, was discovered, was improved...and we're better off because of it. (Of course, we never really went to the moon and only a fool believes otherwise , but the point is still the same.)
NASA _should_ scrap the ISS, now. Don't OS/2 it. (Pardon me while I put on the flame retardant suit.) Sure, a lot of money has been dumped into it. Fine. Leave it there for a while and if we can figure out a way to use it well, then go ahead.
Okay, now for the controversial part: Ground the space shuttles. The shuttle builds the ISS. The ISS is no more. The shuttle is needed no more. There are better ways to put satelites in orbit.
Without the ISS, NASA can concentrate on "cool" missions again. Send a probe to Pluto, to see if we can. Send rovers to the moons of Saturn, to see if we can. Do cool stuff that will capture the minds and hearts of the public who foots the bill.
Without the shuttle, NASA could concentrate on creating a "cool" and "inexpensive" manned spaceflight vehicle, one that doesn't need to blast off.
Not that any of this matters. I teach public school which isn't that different from NASA. Schools don't change even when they know they should---they don't change because they fear change. NASA, seems to me, is about the same.
Manned Spaceflight (Score:2)
Re:Manned Spaceflight (Score:2)
Re:And the loss would be? (Score:2)
> Ground the space shuttles.
> The shuttle builds the ISS. The ISS is no more. > The shuttle is needed no more.
> There are better ways to put satelites in orbit.
Never heard of a classified shuttle mission, eh?
Those other missions, the "sexy" ones, make a nice excuse for spending all that money to fly the shuttle.
Ever wonder what else they're up to up there?
Look at it this way... (Score:2, Insightful)
Nowadays the situation has stablized quite a bit, and I figure that the US doesn't feel quite as threatened by Russian rocket scientists. Maybe they actually saw the quality of work these guys (don't) put out, and decided that they weren't as big a threat as first thought. So, with the threat gone away, so has the need for a giant lumbering science project to keep those scientists happy.
As it is, I can't really think of a useful purpose for this space station. People said all sorts of things it could do when the project started, like be a research platform, or a jumping-off point for more manned moon missions, or a large "symbol of international unity and cooperation," but have any of those things happened? Especially the whole "unity and cooperation" thing...it's like the US and Russia are roommates who aren't getting along, and Russia isn't paying the rent.
Where's a better place for US to spend its money? Perhaps we should fold up NASA, shift its budget to balancing the budget deficit, and allow privatization of space. That way, the money being lost in space won't be my taxpayer money. Now, if only I could pull my money out of ol' Dubya's little desert expedition...
What Science Fiction author? (Score:2)
Balkanize NASA and sell the ISS.. (Score:2, Interesting)
Re:Balkanize NASA and sell the ISS.. (Score:3, Interesting)
Demanning space station (Score:2)
In Soviet Russia (Score:3, Funny)
It's all lance's fault? (Score:3, Funny)
Yet one more reason to hate 'Nsync.
ISS == pork barrel (Score:2)
A pork barrel is a project that puts federal dollars in the hands of Congress people in charge of the projects or appropriation committees for said projects. The best pork barrels are projects you can trick a lot of people into thinking are useful for the greater good so they don't ask any probing questions. An example would be a Represenative from a district in Vermont appropriating money for a project in that district some friends of his run a business in. For making them rich they cut said Congressman in on the fat of the "pork" for buying midgets to do battle or whatever it is rich people do. Sometimes pork barrels can be good for the people at large, a project could bring a bunch of jobs to a job poor district and then those people can eat and the country at large benefits from said federal project.
The ISS is starting to look more and more like this every day. The billions of dollars spent on the thing are going somewhere. It isn't like the solid rocket boosters of the Shuttle are lined with five dollar bills, not literally anyways. Before we had our ever impotent "War on Terror" to provide a means for getting public money into private hands the ISS was a perfect project to pork. It had a tenuous scientific basis, it would do JUST enough hard science for data to trickle in so it didn't look like a waste. As an added bonus the EU, Russia, and Japan could get in on the act and make it look to everyone like it was a giant shiny peace symbol in the sky. It's also a project that certain states *cough*California, Texas, and Floria*cough* would have a major hand in both developing and manufacturing. Billions of dollars means lots of cushy raises for government contractors. A pie in the sky science project that may or may not actually work as intended provides sweet CYA material for hearings later on.
You may or may not ask why was the ISS funded when we coulds have gotten more hard science out of smaller space projects and still bilked money out of them in particular Congressional districts. The answer is publicity. You can't go outside and take fricken pictures of the Mars Rover with a high powered zoom lens. You can take a picture of that megabright collection of aluminum cans flying around the planet. Also unlike probes launched from disposable rockets the ISS is something that needs to be maintained. Ron Popiel doesn't have a MagicStation where you set it and forget it. The ISS is a pork barrel that could have lasted for a decade or more had it been viable to do so. That's more than ten years of government contractors selling a $500 space toilet to NASA for $500,000.
Whatever dreams the ISS was supposed to fill for geeks and engineers don't matter to politicians, only the beaucoup cash that comes from those dreams matters. The ISS/Freedom/Alpha may have started as a cool science mission with attainable and useful goals but once it got into the grubby hands of Congress it turned into one giant government contract after another. As I said, now that we've got a "war" against nobody and maybe even a real war with remote control bombs and lasers on 747s the ISS isn't much needed anymore by the government. Why milk NASA's measly 14 billion when you can milk the DOD's uberbillions?
The ISS's failure is the fault of Congress and the people looking to make megabucks off taxpayer dollars, not Lance Bass. You can still despise him resoundly and wish he we eaten by wild battling midgets or whatever you want done to him but his inability to generate investor interest is not dooming the ISS.
Just being there... (Score:2)
I realize the monetary problem in this whole issue, but I still think it is vital to the moral and unification of the world. It worked for Star Trek!! Let's just forget about the whole WWIII though.
Time to move on, use it for mars mission staging (Score:2)
Check your anime... (Score:4, Funny)
Lance Bass... (Score:2)
First off, no one likes him. No one. Nada. Not a single person. When his name is mentioned our heads start to hurt. So why would he even CONSIDER asking people to pay for him.
Second, if you announce that you want to go, and go through all these tests, WHY THE HELL DIDN'T YOU EXPECT TO PAY FOR IT YOURSELF YOU WORTHLESS POS. Why bother? Why waste everyones time and hopes?
The expression "god die" is so much of an understatement it isn't funny.
Ow, my head hurts.
I'd rather send more unmanned vessels. (Score:2)
Kjella
geez, I take a vacation ... (Score:2)
What's all this "in Soviet Russia" crap?
Rather than empty (Score:2)
I think that rather than having the station sit empty out there, we should send up harmless monkeys up there to conduct experiments. We could even give them funny names from the movie "Gladiator", like Maximus, Lucius and Cornelius.
Does NASA itself want the space station? (Score:3, Interesting)
IMHO, carefully allocated government support of the aerospace industry is a good investment since being a leader in any industry is good for the United States' ability to compete in a global economy. The shuttle, the hypersonic "space plane" (abandoned), other launch systems, and remote planetary exploration are examples of truly challenging projects. "We choose to go to the moon... and do other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard."
ISS does not seems to capture the same sense of challenge.
The US seems to be losing its "edge" in the development of space related technologies that it worked so hard to acquire during the 60's. This has allowed Russia, ESA, and now even China, India, and Japan to gain significant ground. Similar things are happening to the US semiconductor, supercomputer, and aircraft industries. That is not good for "our" future economy.
Personally, I am very disappointed by NASA's decision to mostly abandon research on the air-breathing hypersonic "space plane" since it would have led to significant advances in materials, fluid dynamics, computational physics, aerospace engineering, and would ultimately lead to lowered launch costs. (It clearly had a significant utility for military purposes as well.)
ISS keeps many people employed, but a lot of those bright folks could find work on other projects.
What is the feeling about it inside NASA?
Re:Dude has balls (Score:4, Funny)
Slashdot editor's bad grammar. (Score:2)
Re:Slashdot editor's bad grammar. (Score:2)
Re:NASA plural? (Score:2)
Re:NASA plural? (Score:2)
Re:NASA plural? (Score:2)
As a somewhat-schizophrenic-over-language Canadian, I use both. If it's singular, I'm describing the monolithic entitity. If it's plural, I'm emphasizing the people who make up the monolithic entity.
...laura
Re:First Mir and now Space Station (Score:4, Funny)
Imagine if M$ bought Mir.
Re:First Mir and now Space Station (Score:2)
Re:Could Science Ever Be Done in the ISS (Score:5, Informative)
Re:Nasa and 'normal folk' in space... (Score:2)
Or the other way around - Lance pays Russia $20M to go to space camp.
Then, NASA pays Russia $41M to cancel Lance's flight.
Russia pays Lance his $20M back, and keeps $20M for a net breakeven, and the remaining $1M is split as a nice kickback. Russia gets the money, and NASA gets to claim that space still ain't ready for the private sector. Win/Win if you're in NASA.
Re:Just out of curiousity... (Score:2)
So, best-case scenario, we have to wait until 2006 to use the budget savings to fund real space science? Shit.
(Is there any way we can get them to deorbit the albatross faster? And while we're at it, could we arrange to have a chunk land on each remaining member of the the Shuttle fleet, thereby forcing us to develop a cheap heavy-lift capability or next-generation propulsion system, rather than spending $400M per launch when and if we decide to return to space? :-)