Scientists Discover Another 'Extinct' Tree 127
meta5table writes "Scientists have just discovered a previously extinct tree in Mauritius. This is not quite as significant as the Wollemi Pine, but it is still pretty cool. Now I just wish someone would find a thylacine."
The thylacine (Score:1)
Extinction (Score:1)
It seems to me that if the tree is in an area subjected to harsh environments that have landslides and fires might not be a candidate for forgetting about natural selection.
Re:Save American Chestnut : Our National Extinct T (Score:1)
I've camped under a chestnut tree here in West Virginia that was blooming beautifully, but the trunk of the tree had horrible crevices leaking sap, and was obviously doing poorly due to the attack of the fungus.
Anything anyone can do to help bring these wonderful trees back should be done asap!
post-it (Score:2)
Re:Tazmanian Tiger (Score:2)
Yes, Elvis is keeping them alive in Area 51 so they can gnaw on Hitler's brain.
Re:Extinction (Score:2)
Corn would go extinct without aid of man. (Score:1)
The mummy returns (Score:2)
You are suggesting necrophillia!?
Besides it wouldn't work.
__
Bison? (Score:1)
Re:don't (Score:1)
Someone in Mauritius: This island is treasure ! (Score:5)
Figure this, I live in Mauritius which is a small island of a million and a few thousand inhabitants and I first read about this tree on Slashdot.
I think I need to take a break from the WWW.
Mauritius is the island where the Dodo bird lived, before being hunt to extinction by the early visitors to the island.
Mauritius and its neighbouring isles are homes for many rare trees and animals, among which are the VERY rare Pink Pigeon, Echo Parakeet and the Mauritian Kestrel which was once, the World's rarest bird.
For those who care to know more visit
http://www.maurinet.com/wildlife.html [maurinet.com]
http://www.themyp.com [themyp.com]
http://www.mauritian-wildlife.org [mauritian-wildlife.org]
Re:grammar police (Score:1)
The Trilobite (Score:2)
And maybe it was the fear of being buried in billions of tonnes of speeding, sediment-laden water that killed off the trilobites?
A pity; I'd like some for my garden pool, and am looking forward to live ones being discovered, as the Coelacanth was.
How about you?
Re:Tazmanian Tiger (Score:1)
Of course cruel people would say that about everybody in Tasmania
OT:where's my mod points... (Score:1)
>greatest overcome it.
I don't know why that sounds so sinister...
ARGH! It's times like that I REALLY wish there was a "+1 - Bad Pun" moderation category...
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Re:Seeds (Score:1)
Pun intended, I hope!
Caution: contents may be quarrelsome and meticulous!
Re:so what? (Score:1)
People felt the same way about wolves and other "varmints" in the U.S., and now some areas have way too many deer as a result. Until the tree's been studied, how do we know that the noxious gas isn't keeping down the mosquito population?
Caution: contents may be quarrelsome and meticulous!
Re:Two, surely. (Score:1)
Somehow I imagine for thylacines there's some biting and scratching involved, too :)
Caution: contents may be quarrelsome and meticulous!
Re:The thylacine link (Score:3)
They are split into three categories: placental, marsupials and monotremes.
Placental=gestate in womb, these are most common, like homo sapiens and pigs.
Marsupials=pouched animals, mother has no placenta, like kangaroos.
Monotremes=rare these animals are egg-laying, a reminder of things past, like the duck-billed platypus.
You are welcome.
Re:Corn would go extinct without aid of man. (Score:1)
Ford seems to be pushing ethanol failry heavily. Personally do not have a car with an engine capable of burning it (without damage... I'm sure it Would burn...) to test and see the performance offered by it, but it seems like a very promising alternate fuel source.
Re:Liberal Nature of Slashdot (Score:1)
While I disagree with a forced sharing of the fruits of ones labor, I also believe that a free exchage of information is imperative, especially when it comes to an operating system. I dissagree with the Microsoft FUD that the GPL is a virus (I mention this because your tone is similar to various interviews with MS personel that I have read).
If I release a piece of code I do so because I want to do so(notice the I there, this is my desire. Ayn Rands most important thesis is that of "rational self interset" or the "virtue of selfishness"). If someone wishes to make a derivative work, I do not want them to use my code, but keep their changes as their own, and not share, that is an act of bad faith. I do not pretend that the open source movement is a movement of benefactors; we all do things for our own selfish reasons; there is no other way. I use open source software. I think that this movement is great, especially after dealing with the likes of Microsoft for so long. If I were to give back to to the comunity it would be for selfish reasons; mainly bacause I want to increase the functionality of the tools I use. I do not pretend that I could write an entire operating system, but if I write a small part, even one tool, I am contributing to a larger whole. I do not do this for free, although I am not paid in cash.
The bottom line is that if you do not wish to release your works, you don't have to. As far as Slashdot goes, this is a free country, you can chose another news site if you wish. There are many who read this site (including me) who are interested in this subject (extinct/rediscovered species) and other subjects featured on this site. I for one would be very interested if a living Tasmanian Tiger were found.
Re:That thylacine link is bleak (Score:1)
Modern US history books make American Indians out to be these doe eyed pacifists that got slaughtered. Certain tribes did some truly vicious things to white settlers and other tribes. Did white people commit atrocities in the name of civilization and manifest destiny? Absolutely. But it wasn't a one way street.
-B
Re:That thylacine link is bleak (Score:2)
Carlin on the word "Indian" [geocities.com]
The short version is that what we call India was called Hindustan back then. Columbus came back to Spain (being an Italian guy that didn't speak great Spanish) and told the court he had found "Una gente in Dios," a people in God. "In dios" became "Indian".
-B
Re:No man is an island... (Score:1)
Sorry, no tears here. There's these things called the food chain, and natural selection. That's nature, hard at work.
--Gfunk
Re:What the (Score:1)
As I don't see you packing, I guess I'll have to wait for you to get out of highschool and get a real life before even hoping you'll understand that there is no such thing as an individual human being. We're all just parts of a larger organism called a society, directly and indirectly feeding, nurturing, and supporting one another. John Galt would've driven a train over his own mother, but without her tits to suck on he never would have made it to kindergarten. Grow up, boy!
Re:"previously extinct" (Score:1)
Re:What the (Score:1)
Tazmanian Tiger (Score:2)
Also, I saw a nice conspiracy show that claimed that there are actually a few left in the wild.
Re:That thylacine link is bleak (Score:1)
I just saw a show on Discovery that claims there are a number of big cats in England that used to be pets before some law went into effect back in the late 70's.
Re:so what? (Score:1)
However if general I agree - we know so little about the true balance of nature that I think there's pretty much a 100% track record of disaster everytime we've tried to introduce non-native species as a "natural" was to deal with a problem.
For every "insignificant" or non-cuddly species cause to go extinct, there are obviously going to be ramifications, and with the chaotic dynamics of species populations, who's to say that one day we may unwittingly cause (say) a population explosion in a virus that will wipe us out. It would be a fitting way to go.
Re:The thylacine link (Score:1)
Re:Two, surely. (Score:2)
Re:so what? (Score:4)
It also happens to produce Taxol, so has huge commercial possibilities medicinally as well as horticulturally.
Re:don't (Score:1)
Hypocrite.
Well, actually, I don't own a car at all. Being a grad student in a reasonable town, I find that public transport and my bike meet most of my needs. I'm happy for you, though, in your little bubble of complacency...
Add "wistful" to bleak (Score:2)
But the rest of the respondents are correct, the anglo-saxons are not much different from others: you only have to look at the mess the Chinese have made, or the emergent situation in India. When population pressure and wildlife habitat collide, wildlife always loses, because animals don't vote, now do they?
The thylacine link (Score:2)
But it's a marsupial, not a mammal. Or are marsupials mammals?
Re:Pyrenessian mountain goat (Score:2)
--
On topic goat sex (Score:2)
Amazing! Someone mentions goat sex and it's not off topic.
Re:Corn would go extinct without aid of man. (Score:1)
> 1) Titty bar
> 2) Slashdot.
So what the hell am I doing here instead of bein' at the titty bar where I belong?
(Oh yeah, I'm a geek, I forgot about that for a minute.)
Re:Bison? (Score:1)
People have been eating bison since shortly after the first people saw their first bison. The real difference is that now we selectively harvest the herd by mechanical means instead of running the entire herd off of a cliff to avoid taking massive personal damage in hand-to-horn combat.
Re:That thylacine link is bleak (Score:1)
The decline of the passenger pigeon began when the westward migration of man finally reached the pigeon's tradional flyways. Shortly thereafter, American men began hearing a refrain that is familiar even today; "Wilbur, you fix them durn pigeons so they quits messing on my wash line or you'll be sleeping in the barn."
Been Around for 500-1000 years (Score:2)
Re:I care? (Score:1)
On the other hand, once humans are depopulated the rest of nature will continue on its day to day course of evolution as usual, branching and diversifying again.
Not even a major comet collision could take out all of us. Our distant cousins in the deep sea vents will see to that.
We have a lot of space, and I say we branch out and make some use of it, live our space age science fiction lives, learn the same stupid lessons over and over again for eternity as our limbs get all funky from adapting to the low gravity of Mars....
--------
Yeah, I'm a Mac programmer. You got a problem with that?
grammar police (Score:1)
Once you're extinct, you're extinct. Things can, however, be "previously thought to be extinct."
Corn Fuel Ethanol (Score:1)
To borrow a well-worn chestnut:
Ethanol is the fuel of the future. Always has been, always will be.
The largest problem with using ethanol is not technical but economic. Although a quick search of Google didn't turn up the sort of hard numbers I like, memory serves that ethanol manufacturing costs are somewhere in the vicinity of $3/gallon.
Brazil backed off of their ethanol program due to the cost of farm and fuel subsidies to keep ethanol cost-competitive with gasoline.
Here's a study [qlg.org] which says we can make and sell ethanol in CA for $1.75/gallon, but environmental researchers are cheap and factories are expensive.
I'd like to see more ethanol in use. The only thing that's missing is cheap eth (or expensive gasoline).
If someone can find a pointer to a working plant which is producing ethanol for $1.50 a gallon or less, send a reference my way (and pour a little bit of it over these ice cubes while you're at it please...)
j.
Re:I can just see the next Spielberg action thrill (Score:1)
...wait, we're not talking about Porn, are we?
"Everything you know is wrong. (And stupid.)"
You slashdotted Australia! (Score:1)
What Aragorn Would Have Said (Score:1)
Re:Save American Chestnut : Our National Extinct T (Score:2)
Whaddayamean, notlikeicare? (Score:2)
BTW, Forgot to Say "Cute Nickname" (Score:2)
Save American Chestnut : Our National Extinct Tree (Score:4)
OT: Please Don't Feed This Troll (Score:1)
avendesora (Score:1)
elmindreda
"milda makaroner vad det ryker ur farmors ödla"
Re:Tazmanian Tiger (Score:1)
The conclusion of this episode was that there are significant enough portions of Tazmania that are dense and remote enough for a small population of tazmanian tigers to exist.
Also that it is possible that an equally small population could exist on the (Australian) mainland (there have been sightings, some recent on the mainland as well as on Tazmania).
The series (I think it was called X-Creatures or something like that) was pretty good and provided well rounded views on the possibility of the existance of the various animals. It took into account things like food source, habitat extent, the size of population the area could support, wether the population would be big enough to continue for long enough.... If you get a chance watch it.
Re:The thylacine link (Score:1)
Re:Pyrenessian mountain goat (Score:2)
"Broccoli is getting pissed!!!"
*chuckle*
--Fesh
Re:Someone in Mauritius: This island is treasure ! (Score:1)
Re:That thylacine link is bleak (Score:1)
Must the Native American tribes forever be referred to as Indians because Columbus was a boob?
Re:Two, surely. (Score:1)
Actually you need more than that unless you want an experiment in in-breeding (read: The Royal Family).
Slow News Day? (Score:1)
No movies to review?
Treatment, not tyranny. End the drug war and free our American POWs.
Re:Corn would go extinct without aid of man. (Score:1)
Re:Corn would go extinct without aid of man. (Score:2)
1) Titty bar
2) Slashdot.
Re:post-it (Score:2)
You're too late, American Business Financial Services [abfsonline.com] already pulped it to send me information about their latest investment note rates.
Even if you request information in electronic format, these guys still send you junk mail. Not just once or twice either. At least once, sometimes twice per week for the past four months.
Their customer service was totally unresponsive to my request not to send snail mail. After all, my whole purpose for requesting the information online was to be environmentally responsable and avoid this.
I don't consider myself an "environmental wacko", but these guys definitely deserve to be the target of an angry e-mail campaign or something.
Re:All Right! (Score:1)
I'm not saying that we should not plant softwoods but just have more of a mixture. If not we'll all be stairing at those sh*tty pine cabinets years from now instead of enjoying the maple, oak, cherry, and the likes.
Trevor.
All Right! (Score:2)
Seriously though it would be good to see our own countries doing a little more to conserving and reseeding our forests with native trees rather than just the ones that'll make the most profit. It takes a Maple take 100 years to grow but that's no excuse to grow 4 crops of pine or the likes in that time solely for profit.
My opinions are my own, if they were to be shared by others the world would be a scary place!!
Two, surely. (Score:4)
We need to find two; you see, when a mummy thylacine and a daddy thylacine love each other very much
Re:That thylacine link is bleak (Score:1)
The fact aussies and americans appear to have done more damage has more to do with vast land masses of these countries, than with any specific intrinsic drive to destroy. I'm afraid the same traits are present with all people, although ignorancy probably plays a bigger part than actual maliciousness.
But what do I know, I'm no anglo-saxon. :-)
Re:Reading Assignment: Last Chance To See (Score:1)
Slightly related to this article, too; there was a mention of another nearly extinct tree growing in Mauritius in that book, wasn't there? (or was it on some other island in Indian pacific, Maledives perhaps?)
Re:All Right! (Score:2)
This was studied quite a bit in Finland a while ago, and (hopefully) has changed the procedures used when re-planting cut down forest. The problem there, too, was that industry wanted pure pine forests, without leaf trees (like birches or aspends). The (only) downside is/was that it's slightly easier not to worry about 'wrong' trees when harvesting. Shouldn't be much of a problem now that most of the cuttings are partial ones (not the 'cut down everything' style that was popular earlier)
So... it may be that economy and ecology occasionally lead to same direction. Not common perhaps, but happens.
Re:Save American Chestnut : Our National Extinct T (Score:1)
Word.
Go American Chestnut!
Hey, btw....I bet I'm the only person on Slashdot who personally has rediscovered a plant that was presumed extinct.
Ilyich
Re:Save American Chestnut : Our National Extinct T (Score:1)
It's an herb that's related to hibiscus - it's got very pretty, small orange-yellow flowers but otherwise isn't particularly showy. The only known collections are from SE Virginia and NE North Carolina (about 6 total), and until I found it, it apparently hadn't been seen since 1968.
Last I heard, though, some guy at Texas A&M decided that "S. inflexa" really isn't worthy of specieshood or even varietyhood, but is just a slightly oddball variation of Sida elliottii at the northern end of elliottii's range. Pbbtt, I say.
Re:Save American Chestnut : Our National Extinct T (Score:1)
* The guy who poo-pooed on Sida inflexa is from UT, not A&M
* S. inflexa wasn't presumed to be extinct per se, but rather was declared "Globally Historic," which basically means that nobody's seen it for a long time but no one's looked too terribly hard for it either. Of course, to say you found a species that was "presumed extinct" sounds a lot cooler than to say you found one which was "globally historic".
pedantically yours,
Ilyich
Re:Save American Chestnut : Our National Extinct T (Score:4)
Re: Indians (Score:1)
Indians prefered small battles (perhaps 6-20 Indians per side) and usually they just snuck up and stole stuff (horses mostly). While Europeans, usually had 'wars', which were made up of many battles.
The Indians were finite in number (tribes did not combine until almost the end of the 'old west') and therefor had very limited resourses concerning manpower. Europeans had nearly an endless supply of people. If an army troop got whiped out, the got more soldiers.
Finally technology, the gun reaches farther than an arrow.
But I think the real undoing was the fact that we simply outnumbered the Indians.
Re:Pyrenessian mountain goat (Score:1)
I'm not into religion and all that stuff (Score:1)
The slashdot 2 minute between postings limit: /.'ers since Spring 2001.
Pissing off coffee drinking
Re:That thylacine link is bleak (Score:1)
And that whole "in Dios" thing smacks too much of folk etymology.
Re:That thylacine link is bleak (Score:1)
Weren't the indians homo sapiens?
-Compenguin
Re:Corn would be just fine... (Score:1)
Re:What about the Dingos? (Score:1)
I suppose the English came over 30,000 years ago and introduced wild dogs to get a head start on the colonization that was to come later, right? There were LOTS of other species in Australia, New Zealand and Tazmania that went extinct en masse just as people migrated to these places from SE Asia.
Hunting species to extinction is a HUMAN-WIDE activity and not just limited to those with the pale, pink skins!! SHEESH!
No man is an island... (Score:3)
I'm not an ecofreak, but it takes profound ignorance (or denial) to not see that decreased biodiversity will create a lot of problems. We are currently in the midst of the sixth great extinction that has occurred during the history of life. If current trends continue, within a century this event will become both the fastest and the most sweeping extinction ever, beating even the great Permian extinction [slashdot.org] of about 275 million years ago, and absolutely dwarfing the K-T (Cretaceous-Tertiary) [slashdot.org] dinosaur extinction caused by a giant meteorite 60 million years ago. Every day more than a hundred species disappear. One or two have probably evaporated while you are reading this post.
Ha ha, another tropical tree is extinct. Or beetle. Or slouch rat. Or passion flower. The mall is still open, the sky is still blue, and besides, we've got films of all that stuff we can watch on the Discovery Channel. So what?
Messing with biodiversity is no laughing matter. After the Permian extinction, fungi were temporarily the dominant life form on Earth. Sure, in a few tens of millions of years, whatever's left after we're finished will begin speciating again, and eventually restore biodiversity. In the meantime, however, remember that we evolved not as a stand-alone species, but as nodes in a great web, a network of interdependent creatures, feedback loops, and survival dependencies. Air, water, and soil all depend on this network. Our food, our health, our very breath depend on it. (For the cost/benefit analysis crowd -- our economy depends on it.) Like a well-designed computer net, the web of life is fault-tolerant and self-healing...up to a point. After that point, the network crashes and burns.
Wilson suggests imagining sitting in the window seat of a jetliner as it taxis to the runway. As you look out on the wing you can see the rows of rivets holding the wings together. Each makes an undetermined contribution to the ability of the plane to fly. Now, as you watch, a few of the rivets start popping out. The process continues...at what point do you start to wonder about the integrity of the wing? More succinctly, at what point do you start to feel afraid?
Biodiversity is like this. No one can say when the crucial rivet has popped. But even if the crucial rivet is still (temporarily) in place, risk begins accumulating at an ever-increasing rate. We are right to be afraid of losing diversity. Already, we've undertaken enormous risk. Is there anyone out there who really thinks we need to keep converting the biomass of other species into ever more biomass of our own? (For starters, I can think of better things to do with Imperial Woodpecker meat than turn it into Mexican Truckdriver meat.) Nothing will get better with billions more people, and a lot of things will get worse.
If you want to check out some well-written and interesting books on the subject, Wilson's book Biodiversity is a good read, as well as Roger Lewin's and Richard Leakey's book The Sixth Extinction.
"previously extinct" (Score:2)
Scientists have just discovered a previously extinct tree in Mauritius.
Wow, it was previously extinct? Did it spontaneously re-evolve from a related species? Or maybe the science of Jurassic Park isn't as far off as we thought...
(Note to moderators: This should be classed as Funny, not Insightful.)
Re:Tazmanian Tiger (Score:1)
What counts as extinct? (Score:2)
Grow up? How ironic! (Score:1)
Re:Reading Assignment: Last Chance To See (Score:2)
Coelacanth (tm)(R) in Disney's Atlantis (tm)(R) (Score:1)
Re:so what? (Score:2)
Extremely interesting, and of course we will be allowed to tamper with these endangered trees, possibly endangering them further, so that we can make some money.
Humans have always been at odds with nature, and at this point in time have the ability to greatly impact the course of evolution, by both driving some life forms to extinction, and preserving other out-of-time life, mostly depending on cuteness or how much money might be gained in marketing panda liver pate.
I am intrigued by the pursuit of knowledge, but attaching artificial significance to something because it either makes you feel good or could make you some money has nothing to do with that pursuit. It is a by-product, and should not be the drive. If we choose to preserve this tree, that decision should not be influenced by the commercial possibilities.
How willing would we be to preserve this tree if it produced a noxious gas as a waste product, instead of oxygen as most plants do? What of the plight of the small pox virus? Shall we let small pox die out merely because it suits us?
Dinsdale . . . .
Re:Reading Assignment: Last Chance To See (Score:1)
Yup. Iirc, it was some sort of wild coffee thing which had to be kept under armed guard because people were slowly killing it taking bits off as souvenirs of its rare status.
I can just see the next Spielberg action thriller (Score:4)
While moving a crated cage a worker slips and is dragged screaming into the cage before his comrades can rescue him. The camera pans past a rainsoaked corner of the crate as lightning flashes...Danger: Jurassic Flytrap!
Brrr....
-- .sig are belong to us!
All your
Reading Assignment: Last Chance To See (Score:2)
(Currently backordered at Amazon, unfortunately.)
Great book. Well worth the (quick) read... funny... interesting... inspiring... touching...
Thylacine@Home (Score:3)
--Blair
"I see a great need."
I care? (Score:2)
Pyrenessian mountain goat (Score:5)
The last pyrenesse mountain goat left in the world was on a 24hr watch by park rangers. There was talk of cloning it, using a related goat species as the surrogate mother.
And then a tree fell on it...
Re:The thylacine link (Score:2)
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Seeds (Score:3)
This may have happened here.
Re:What counts as extinct? (Score:3)
I'm no expert, but I suppose if no viable plants or seeds can be found, it should be considered extinct. Finding seeds in soil is exceedingly difficult to do; if no seeds exist "in captivity", it is assumed to be extinct.
Re:Seeds (Score:2)
I don't know why that sounds so sinister...
Re:That thylacine link is bleak (Score:3)
You're right. From now on I will refer to them as the Peoples of the Adirondack, Delaware, Massachuset, Narranganset, Potomac, Illinois, Miami, Alabama, Ottawa, Waco, Wichita, Mohave, Shasta, Yuma, Erie, Huron, Susquehanna, Natchez, Mobile, Yakima, Wallawalla, Muskogee, Spokan, Iowa, Missouri, Omaha, Kansa, Biloxi, Dakota, Hatteras, Klamath, Caddo, Tillamook, Washoe, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, Laguna, Santa Ana, Winnebago, Pecos, Cheyenne, Menominee, Yankton, Apalachee, Chinook, Catawba, Santa Clara, Taos, Arapaho, Blackfoot, Blackfeet, Chippewa, Cree, Mohawk, Tuscarora, Cherokee, Seminole, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Comanche, Shoshone, Two Kettle, Sans Arc, Chiricahua, Kiowa, Mescalero, Navajo, Nez Perce, Potawatomi, Shawnee, Pawnee, Chickahominy, Flathead, Santee, Assiniboin, Oglala, Miniconjou, Osage, Crow, Brule, Hunkpapa, Pima, Zuni, Hopi, Paiute, Creek, Kickapoo, Ojibwa, and Shinnicock Tribes.
It's awful how the Peoples of the Adirondack, Delaware, Massachuset, Narranganset, Potomac, Illinois, Miami, Alabama, Ottawa, Waco, Wichita, Mohave, Shasta, Yuma, Erie, Huron, Susquehanna, Natchez, Mobile, Yakima, Wallawalla, Muskogee, Spokan, Iowa, Missouri, Omaha, Kansa, Biloxi, Dakota, Hatteras, Klamath, Caddo, Tillamook, Washoe, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, Laguna, Santa Ana, Winnebago, Pecos, Cheyenne, Menominee, Yankton, Apalachee, Chinook, Catawba, Santa Clara, Taos, Arapaho, Blackfoot, Blackfeet, Chippewa, Cree, Mohawk, Tuscarora, Cherokee, Seminole, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Comanche, Shoshone, Two Kettle, Sans Arc, Chiricahua, Kiowa, Mescalero, Navajo, Nez Perce, Potawatomi, Shawnee, Pawnee, Chickahominy, Flathead, Santee, Assiniboin, Oglala, Miniconjou, Osage, Crow, Brule, Hunkpapa, Pima, Zuni, Hopi, Paiute, Creek, Kickapoo, Ojibwa, and Shinnicock Tribes were persecuted and faced genocide.
I truly feel sorry for the Peoples of the Adirondack, Delaware, Massachuset, Narranganset, Potomac, Illinois, Miami, Alabama, Ottawa, Waco, Wichita, Mohave, Shasta, Yuma, Erie, Huron, Susquehanna, Natchez, Mobile, Yakima, Wallawalla, Muskogee, Spokan, Iowa, Missouri, Omaha, Kansa, Biloxi, Dakota, Hatteras, Klamath, Caddo, Tillamook, Washoe, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, Laguna, Santa Ana, Winnebago, Pecos, Cheyenne, Menominee, Yankton, Apalachee, Chinook, Catawba, Santa Clara, Taos, Arapaho, Blackfoot, Blackfeet, Chippewa, Cree, Mohawk, Tuscarora, Cherokee, Seminole, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Comanche, Shoshone, Two Kettle, Sans Arc, Chiricahua, Kiowa, Mescalero, Navajo, Nez Perce, Potawatomi, Shawnee, Pawnee, Chickahominy, Flathead, Santee, Assiniboin, Oglala, Miniconjou, Osage, Crow, Brule, Hunkpapa, Pima, Zuni, Hopi, Paiute, Creek, Kickapoo, Ojibwa, and Shinnicock Tribes.