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Math Science

Mathematical Proof Debunks the Idea That the Universe Is a Computer Simulation (phys.org) 244

alternative_right shares a report from Phys.org: Today's cutting-edge theory -- quantum gravity -- suggests that even space and time aren't fundamental. They emerge from something deeper: pure information. This information exists in what physicists call a Platonic realm -- a mathematical foundation more real than the physical universe we experience. It's from this realm that space and time themselves emerge. "The fundamental laws of physics cannot be contained within space and time, because they generate them. It has long been hoped, however, that a truly fundamental theory of everything could eventually describe all physical phenomena through computations grounded in these laws. Yet we have demonstrated that this is not possible. A complete and consistent description of reality requires something deeper -- a form of understanding known as non-algorithmic understanding." "We have demonstrated that it is impossible to describe all aspects of physical reality using a computational theory of quantum gravity," says Dr. Faizal. "Therefore, no physically complete and consistent theory of everything can be derived from computation alone. Rather, it requires a non-algorithmic understanding, which is more fundamental than the computational laws of quantum gravity and therefore more fundamental than spacetime itself."

"Drawing on mathematical theorems related to incompleteness and indefinability, we demonstrate that a fully consistent and complete description of reality cannot be achieved through computation alone," explains Dr. Mir Faizal, Adjunct Professor with UBC Okanagan's Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science. "It requires non-algorithmic understanding, which by definition is beyond algorithmic computation and therefore cannot be simulated. Hence, this universe cannot be a simulation."

The findings have been published in the Journal of Holography Applications in Physics.

Mathematical Proof Debunks the Idea That the Universe Is a Computer Simulation

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  • by gmiller123456 ( 240000 ) on Thursday October 30, 2025 @08:29PM (#65763038) Homepage

    When the simulation ends it will just print out 42.

    • That's not odd.
    • When the simulation ends it will just print out 42.

      Followed by, "$&^%$&^$ ... No Carrier."

      • That's just cuz mom (aka god) picked up the phone. It's ok though, they'll get you your own line soon.
  • by niftydude ( 1745144 ) on Thursday October 30, 2025 @08:42PM (#65763062)
    ... since their main starting point seems to be based on the idea that algorithms can't generate nonsensical sentences.
    • by HiThere ( 15173 )

      Actually that's sort of true. Algorithms can't generate actually random results...but the results can be so nearly random that there's no way to tell. But it's not really random because if you compute the exact same algorithm a second time with the exact same parameters you get the same result. AFAIK, meaning in this context isn't well defined.

      • by Whibla ( 210729 )

        Algorithms can't generate actually random results

        That depends on the seed. If the seed is truly random then a 'good' algorithm will output a truly random result.

        But it's not really random because if you compute the exact same algorithm a second time with the exact same parameters you get the same result.

        I remember reading about a company that uses (a real time image of) Lava Lamps as their seeds. Feeding in the exact same parameters is impossible, which would seem like a counter to this class of objection...

        • by HiThere ( 15173 )

          No. You could record the original "seed" and reuse it. Since that would produce the same results, the results aren't random, even if you never actually record the original parameters. Unpredictable and random aren't quite the same concept.

  • You can cancel the manned Mars trip now, it won't unlock a real-world Xbox achievement.

  • I wonder if Steven Wolfram, author of A New Kind of Science [wikipedia.org], will be disappointed by this result. He posits that studying computation will be relevant for new discoveries about the physical world, including fundamental physics.

    • This work states that algorithms can never be the entire truth. That doesn't mean you can't have meaningful and improved theories that are algorithmic in nature.

    • Yeah this seems to torpedo wolframs ideas. The text of the paper does seem to focus mostly on the 'algorithmic' aspect, which is wolframs whole thing with his idea that cellular automata is at the root of everything.

      • by haruchai ( 17472 )

        I think Wolfram has done some very interesting work with his ideas on computational reality or whatever it's called but I also think he's willfully blind in not seeing that's it's all just a bunch of idealized & clever approximations

  • Consciousness (Score:4, Interesting)

    by piojo ( 995934 ) on Thursday October 30, 2025 @09:14PM (#65763104)

    I'm interested in where this line of thinking leads because I'm unsatisfied with all the current thinking about consciousness. I'm not gonna write three essays here, but I feel there are some arguments that: consciousness does not necessarily arise from physical matter (though practically speaking it does seem to), consciousness influences physical reality (this is from an argument about why conscious valence so closely matches evolutionarily adaptiveness), and that there's not a really solid argument that a human is conscious but a rock or a city isn't (because there isn't a place you can draw the line).

    If physical reality is reality, consciousness breaks all the rules. I'm eager to hear other theories with more explanatory power.

    • by etash ( 1907284 )
      Can you please pinpoint where exactly in the brain this extra physical (aka magical thinking) stuff called consciousness seems to exert its influence over matter (brain) and what's the exact mechanism that it does? I'm eager to hear your theory that has ... "more explanatory power".
    • Consciousness is 'merely' organized energy. Some amount of physical 'matter' is required to organize energy into useful 'groups'. Energy that is not constrained by physical 'matter' is chaotic, moving 'away' at the speed of light in our frame of reference.

  • Short sighted (Score:3, Interesting)

    by djp2204 ( 713741 ) on Thursday October 30, 2025 @09:16PM (#65763108)

    Just because we cannot describe something with out limited mathematical skills doesnt mean it cant be described algorithmically. Science is never settled.

    • There are plenty of numbers that are not computable.

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... [wikipedia.org]

      • by msauve ( 701917 )
        Now show that the realization of such numbers are necessary for the universe to exist.
        • Is that statement/question supposed to make sense? It doesn't.

          The post to which I replied said (with obvious typos corrected)

          Just because we cannot describe something with our limited mathematical skills doesn't mean it can't be described algorithmically.

          But BB(750) - the 750th busy beaver number, *can* be described "with our limited mathematical skills" but cannot be "described algorithmically"

          https://www.ingo-blechschmidt.... [ingo-blechschmidt.eu]

          FTAOD, N in lemma 3.2.5 is less than 750.

          • Oh, and just in case someone comes back and says "perhaps ZFC is inconsistent" then we can prove anything including that the universe is a simulation and the universe is not a simulation so the entire original paper that started this article is moot.

    • by cowdung ( 702933 )

      Well, the way "algorithms" are defined includes they being step by step instructions and having finite length.

      Based on this assumption Godel proved that there are things that algorithms cannot compute. Turing pretty much said the same thing and provided a model of computation that has held up to improvements such as parallelism and quantum computing.

      So based on the definition of what an algorithm is, then yeah, it will have limitations. That's what the Incompleteness Theorem is about.
      It makes it obvious the

      • by pjt33 ( 739471 )

        Based on this assumption Godel proved that there are things that algorithms cannot compute.

        Since this is /. I won't apologise for pedantry. Gödel proved that in any sufficiently complicated axiom scheme there are theorems which cannot be proven. The incompleteness theorem isn't really about algorithms, although the proof technique of diagonalisation was borrowed by Turing for the proof of the halting theorem. Church restricted the term algorithm to what can be computed with a Turing machine, but modern

        • but if we're speculating about the existence of a superuniverse in which this one is being simulated then "It cannot have an oracle because I can't imagine, based on the physics of this universe, how one could exist" seems to be presupposing the conclusion.

          I don't know if it's been proven in general but for every case I've seen described, it's fairly trivial to show that given an oracle O for problem P, there's a problem P' that is non-computable/non-deterministic even given O.

          It's oracles all the way down.

  • Is the need for consistency just a mood affiliation?

  • by OrangeTide ( 124937 ) on Thursday October 30, 2025 @09:18PM (#65763120) Homepage Journal

    If you used a computer for the math there is an inherent bias in all computers to hide that we are in a simulation.

  • "Therefore, no physically complete and consistent theory of everything can be derived from computation alone..."
    So it needs axiomatic truths to start somewhere? Call it say ... "non-algorithmic understanding", eh?

  • The idea we live in a mathematical simulation is just another of the religious beliefs we require as humans to explain our existence.
  • I read the article. "...universe is built on a type of understanding that exists beyond the reach of any algorithm."  Are the authors raising an ontological argument for a "creator" god? If I remember my class 60 years ago  on Aristotelian memes  ( Dunns Scotus ??) ...  ' THAT than which no other may be greater '. 
  • by SafeMode ( 11547 ) on Thursday October 30, 2025 @10:19PM (#65763218) Homepage

    Rather than a lack of algorithmic definition. Math has a funny way of describing more than just our reality, perhaps they aren't working within the correct restrictions to the mathematical parameters that went into their logical proof. Until they can state exactly what is undefinable by physics, and we are unable to define it... I'll just keep ansuming this is less a proof of simulation being impossible, and more that, we lack the current understanding of how the simulation might work.

    You dont need one equation to run a simulation, you can work with many. And the simulation only has to apply what your 'players' are observing at a given time for the given things they are observing. If the simulation known how complex it needs to simulate something, and it only needs to do it for 'players' in the simulation to higher complexities, the room for optimization seems pretty large to make the physical requirements much less than impossibly high.

    in any case, the whole non algorithmic stuff sounds like a matter of ignorance rather than an impossibliity to define rules for something. Maybe an ignorance we are incapable of overcoming because the simulation won't create something that can, to stop the recursive problem (or we've reached the recursive level where simulating in a simulation is incapable of being good enough to offer that level of understanding due to it's accumulated approximations of true reality)

    • by cowdung ( 702933 )

      Chaitin would say that your "theorem" or "understanding" or "algorithm" of something should be shorter than the something you are trying to model. However, he proved that there are cases in which that is not the case. Some things are just not "computable".

      Goedel would say that you cannot compute all math based on some base Axioms. This is a consequence of the nature of algorithms.

      So whatever "understanding" you have that transcends these models (like the Turing machine) is by definition "non-algorithmic".

      Th

    • by Tom ( 822 )

      You dont need one equation to run a simulation, you can work with many.

      More than that. A simulation can do things like introduce randomness, recursion, non-trivial dependencies or emergent behaviour that are not easily expressed in equations. There's a huge area where we use computer simulations because either the equations are not known or a calculation of the equations is computationally impossible but a simulation is possible.

  • by awwshit ( 6214476 ) on Thursday October 30, 2025 @10:48PM (#65763232)

    We can't be a simulation but we could be just imagined.

  • It's possible that the summary is missing an important qualification; but wouldn't it only be possible, even in principle, to conclude that something could or couldn't be a simulation on a specific type of computer rather than in general?

    If, say, you were able to demonstrate that you had an actual RNG, not a pseudorandom number generator, you'd know that it isn't being simulated on a turing machine; because those do determinism only. However, in practice, we build computers with what we think are RNGs al
    • by cowdung ( 702933 )

      Whatever storage device you have, you'll never defeat Turing's infinite tape. By definition it can hold more storage than anything in the Universe. And yet it has known limitations. So storage isn't the key.

      As for randomness. Chaitin defines something random as something that cannot be compressed, or expressed with a shorter expression than itself.

      The current assumption is that no computer can do more than the Turing machine in terms of computation capacity. It is a universal computer, it represents what is

      • by pjt33 ( 739471 )

        (Turing seems to have proven this point.. or it's widely accepted to be the truth.. I don't remember)

        This is the Church-Turing hypothesis, which argues from the equivalence of lambda calculus, mu-recursive functions and Turing machines that these all capture the notion of effective calculation. Since then many other models of computation have been proven equivalent, but it's probably not possible to prove that no (oracle-free) computational model can be more powerful.

  • While this rules out a perfect simulation, it doesn't rule out a shitty one. One where the reason a unified theory of everything is not possible is because shortcuts were used to develop separate systems.
  • I have thought about this in the past a few times. Let's say we can simulate the universe with a powerful computer in a room. The resources for processing and storage would be impossible.

    Let's say that this computer has massive hard drives that stores all the information of the universe. This would be unrealistic if you want to keep track of every atom in the universe. Even if you used really good compression algorithms, it doesn't matter.

    To simulate the universe, the computer would also need to simulate it

  • And men are not gods. Go find religion if you need something fake to believe in! LOL
  • This movie has the answer. (Please post no spoilers)

  • ... the fact that we cannot measure it with our current supercomputers. And if this really a sim we will never be able to detect it. That would mean we got out of our sim boundaries.

    • by gweihir ( 88907 )

      Yes to the first part, "it depends" to the second part. In particular, you can design a simulation so that being in a simulation _can_ be detected from the inside, just not with absolute certainty. Compare, e.g. how malware can detect running virtualized for some ideas.

  • Hubris. With our capabilities within our universe, we cannot fully describe our reality. However - if our universe is a simulation - we have no idea of the capabilities of the universe in which that simulation runs, no idea of its physical laws and reality.

    Consider: if we create a simulation, even one that allows computation: can that simulation potentially explain itself? It really depends on the capabilities we build into it.

  • Or does it only proof, that it is impossible from inside the simulation to see all factors used outside?

  • IIUC the proof uses Gödel's theorem, which requires the universe to be infinite. A simulation is inherently finite, so that theorem cannot apply.

  • What it says is that should this be a simulation, it cannot be modelled theoretically from the inside. That is neither surprising, not particularly difficult to prove. It essentially is something that in most cases will follow from incompleteness. My expectation is that unless specifically designed to allow so, no simulation can be modelled fully by theory done on the inside.

    Obviously, this result does neither prove not disprove that we are in a simulation.

  • ...Is your knowledge and sensory access is limited to the definitions of the simulation. If you live in a box, you only know the box, and nothing of how the box was created and what exists beyond the box.
  • Most of my life I believes logic was absolutely fundamental underlying everything in the universe until one day I realized I was definitely wrong.

    Godel's Incompeteness theorems show it simply can't be. However, a simple look into the universe manifestly validates that it isn't. What we see in both the very small and the very large are oscillation patterns. Logic, being any system of axioms (rules resulting in categoric answers like True/False, or A/B/C, etc), is only found from relative perspectives. Fo

    • by Slicker ( 102588 )

      However... It is possible that some influences come from other universes. By definition, a universe comprises things that influence each other. However, it is entirely possible that one universe's influence is one-way on another.

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