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Math Data Storage

Pi Calculated to 105 Trillion Digits. (Stored on 1 Petabyte of SSDs) (solidigm.com) 95

Pi was calculated to 100 trillion decimal places in 2022 by a Google team lead by cloud developer advocate Emma Haruka Iwao.

But 2024's "pi day" saw a new announcement... After successfully breaking the speed record for calculating pi to 100 trillion digits last year, the team at StorageReview has taken it up a notch, revealing all the numbers of Pi up to 105 trillion digits! Spoiler: the 105 trillionth digit of Pi is 6!

Owner and Editor-in-Chief Brian Beeler led the team that used 36 Solidigm SSDs (nearly a petabyte) for their unprecedented capacity and reliability required to store the calculated digits of Pi. Although there is no practical application for this many digits, the exercise underscores the astounding capabilities of modern hardware and an achievement in computational and storage technology...

For an undertaking of this size, which took 75 days, the role of storage cannot be understated. "For the Pi computation, we're entirely restricted by storage, says Beeler. "Faster CPUs will help accelerate the math, but the limiting factor to many new world records is the amount of local storage in the box. For this run, we're again leveraging Solidigm D5-P5316 30.72TB SSDs to help us get a little over 1P flash in the system.

"These SSDs are the only reason we could break through the prior records and hit 105 trillion Pi digits."

"Leveraging a combination of open-source and proprietary software, the team at StorageReview optimized the algorithmic process to fully exploit the hardware's capabilities, reducing computational time and enhancing efficiency," Beeler says in the announcement.

There's a video on YouTube where the team discusses their effort.
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Pi Calculated to 105 Trillion Digits. (Stored on 1 Petabyte of SSDs)

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  • by davidwr ( 791652 ) on Saturday March 16, 2024 @08:57PM (#64321049) Homepage Journal

    ... as soon as someone got around to it.

    • Don't you run into quantum limits at some point where the circle can no longer be perfectly circular causing further precision in Pi to fail to reflect the actual object?

      • Speaking of quantum, the 100-trillion-digit calculation was done on a conventional computer. In the meantime the world record for quantum computer factorisation of non-special-case numbers is the number 21. Not a 21-digit number, but the product of three and seven.
        • by ls671 ( 1122017 )

          The real question is how many library of congress would the 105 Trillion Digits print out be if printed? We need numbers we can put in perspective.

          • According to Wolframalpha, if printed, all those digits would take 23.58 billion pages. I don't know what is the average number of pages in a book, but assuming 300 would be reasonable. You'd get 78.6 million books. The Library of Congress has 173 million items, of which 41.36 million may considered volumes of the size of book (25.49 book + 15.87 other bounded material). Altogether, all those digits are shy of two Libraries of Congress.

            • by ls671 ( 1122017 )

              Thanks a lot! I couldn't sleep since I asked the question in my OP. I might be able to sleep tonight, thanks again!

        • Couldn't they have done this in an RPi? I mean, it must have occurred to them at some point in this project...

          • Nah, for real style points they would have needed to have done it on an electric toothbrush. For bonus points someone else's toothbrush who wasn't even aware it was happening.
      • by Aliks ( 530618 )
        Nope - Maths works with axiomatic models and one of the axioms for Euclidean geometry is that space is continuous. So circles can be perfect. In addition pi crops up in all kinds of places apart from geometry for example infinite series . . . .
        Your issue is whether our Euclidean geometry model is an accurate representation of the world around us. You may or may not be correct in thinking that quantum mechanics implies that space comes in "discrete" lumps when you get down to the Planck distance, but p
        • circles can be perfect

          Mathematically, sure. They mean of a physical object.

          Your issue is whether our Euclidean geometry model is an accurate representation of the world around us.

          That was not their issue. They are just claiming that past a few dozen digits that the precision doesn't increase the accuracy of the outcome.

          I'd argue that even for theoretical math, a few hundred digits is the limit of anything we'd need to actually use for anything besides verifying other math to the same precision.

      • Re:Quantum limits? (Score:5, Interesting)

        by yo303 ( 558777 ) on Sunday March 17, 2024 @06:08AM (#64321699)

        If you had the diameter of the known universe measured in quark widths, and you wanted to know its circumference, you'd only need around 44 digits of pi.

        That's the most digits we can ever use for practical things.

        • Thank you. That was my question and you answered it.

        • I'm not so sure. If you're running calculations that feed into themselves many times, small errors can escalate to give you inaccurate information. That might be a situation in which more precision is necessary.
        • That's the most digits we can ever use for practical things.

          All practical things are made of infinities of impractical things. Those infinities need somewhere to live. After the first 44 digits of Pi is great place for them.

      • Doesn't matter. All this proves is that infinities can be found anywhere.
  • by RogueWarrior65 ( 678876 ) on Saturday March 16, 2024 @09:09PM (#64321055)

    The last digit is zero.

  • > "These SSDs are the only reason we could break through the prior records and hit 105 trillion Pi digits

    I find this claim suspicious.

  • by clawsoon ( 748629 ) on Saturday March 16, 2024 @09:22PM (#64321085)

    Why don't they just use compression?

    /s [for those who need it]

    • by Myria ( 562655 ) on Saturday March 16, 2024 @10:15PM (#64321159)

      It's pretty easy to compress:

      Integral from -1 to 1 of (1/sqrt(1 - x^2)) dx.

    • Compression is overkill.
      I would just sort the decimal digits and count the runs manually.
      Should look something like this when it's done:

      digit | count
      0 | 10500000000000
      1 | 10500000000000
      2 | 10500000000000
      3 | 10500000000000
      4 | 10500000000000
      5 | 10500000000000
      6 | 10500000000000
      7 | 10500000000000
      8 | 10500000000000
      9 | 10500000000000

    • Apparently they were using some kind of expansion. I don't know why you'd need that much more (10x !?) than 105 terabytes to store 105 trillion digits, and that's if you're storing each base-10 digit using 8 bits, which is already an "expansion".

    • by youn ( 1516637 )

      Arguable the best compression you'll ever get is 1 x pi lol

  • Contrary to TFS title, "(Stored on 1 Petabyte of SSDs)" is not "used 36 Solidigm SSD" (which hold a petabyte of data). One petabyte of SSDs would (probably) fill a few Library of Congresses -- in which case that unit could simply be used. :-)

  • Any irrational number will do. How about e or root 2? I bet the 105 trillionth digit of 1/3 is 3 but I'd like to see you prove it. OK you can probably do that without actually doing the calculation since it is a repeating decimal.

    • Would a random number generator be quicker?

    • by Myria ( 562655 ) on Saturday March 16, 2024 @10:02PM (#64321135)

      0.121121112111121111121111112... is irrational, but I can tell you with just some quick calculations that the 150,000,000,000,000th digit is 1. (The 150,000,007,349,285th digit is the next 2.)

    • You might want to take a look at the differences between rational, irrational, and transcendental numbers. Pi is transcendental, not merely irrational.

      • "The first number to be proven transcendental without having been specifically constructed for the purpose of proving transcendental numbers' existence was e, by Charles Hermite in 1873." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... [wikipedia.org]

        It was literally the first alternative mentioned in the GP

    • They aren't the ones that decided it's special. I never hear about anyone memorizing even a dozen digits of e. Pi is a much simpler concept and and you want to generate headlines people will make note of. Especially if what you're doing has no practical application.

    • by pjt33 ( 739471 )

      Calculating e is pretty boring: the Taylor series converges extremely fast. You can calculate e by hand to 100dp on a single sheet of paper and have space left over. sqrt 2 is also pretty boring: Newton-Raphson. The choice of pi is pretty arbitrary, but it has a wealth of interesting approaches to calculate it.

  • Now recite by memory.

  • by doug141 ( 863552 ) on Saturday March 16, 2024 @09:53PM (#64321119)

    I presume Pi contains little recursive Pi's of differing lengths, is the longest one in 10^12 digits about 12 digits? What digit does it start at?

    • by doug141 ( 863552 )

      What's the first prophet's name that appears in base-10 ASCII? (Let's settle this)

    • I presume Pi contains little recursive Pi's of differing lengths, is the longest one in 10^12 digits about 12 digits? What digit does it start at?

      How deep is the 256x256 array of 1’s and 0’s that form an ascii art circle?

      • "How deep is the 256x256 array of 1’s and 0’s that form an ascii art circle?"

        Wasn't that in base eleven?

        Is Ann Druyan still alive?

    • by jd ( 1658 )

      The Pi search engine only looks at the first 200 million digits.

      https://www.angio.net/pi/ [angio.net]

      • by doug141 ( 863552 )

        Thanks! "The string 31415926 occurs at position 50366472. This string occurs 3 times in the first 200M digits of Pi."

  • by istartedi ( 132515 ) on Saturday March 16, 2024 @09:55PM (#64321123) Journal

    After a certain point, they could fill drives with the output of a real random number generator? Who's gonna check?

    Ha-hah, only serious; but there's actually a really good answer for this. There is an algorithm for finding the Nth digit of Pi, and it's *fast*, not requiring you to compute previous digits. Thus, spot-checking the data for accuracy is very doable.

  • I’m afraid of numbers that can’t be expressed as a fraction. It’s an irrational fear.
  • by Mr. Dollar Ton ( 5495648 ) on Saturday March 16, 2024 @10:31PM (#64321177)

    The errors from rounding it up to 1000 digits or thereabouts are probably small enough to allow the circumnavigation of the known Universe.

  • by OrangeTide ( 124937 ) on Saturday March 16, 2024 @10:50PM (#64321219) Homepage Journal

    I use a form of compression that stores Pi in a handful of bytes: U+03C0

    Pi comes up a lot in mathematics, and you can manipulate the symbol with algebra and sometimes eliminate it in the final equation. That's harder to do if you use the fully expanded 1 petabyte version of Pi.

  • We're gonna need a bigger can of whipped cream.

  • Instead of stabbing Caesar, The Aristocrats could have hit him with left over pies. Except the Romans didn't celebrate Pi Day because their value for Pi was III.

  • No I can calculate the circumference of a circle almost completely accurately! Where can I get a copy of this?
  • the exercise underscores the astounding capabilities of modern hardware and an achievement in computational and storage technology

    That would have flied 25 years ago, but in the last several years we have the progress of things like AlphaFold, generative AI, LLMs and other advances in machine learning that demonstrated how this progress resulted in practical revolution.

    The effort in computing Pi digits seems anachronistic and simply misplaced, impressing only a handful of aged fanboys still nostalgically re

  • Eleanor "Ellie" Arroway was convinced there was a Message stored in Pi.

    (True nerds will know the novel.)

    • Every novel that's every been written is contained in pi. The problem is finding it.

    • That chapter ruined the entire book.

      Pi is random so if you go out far enough you'll find every message.

      Ellie found a message from God because that's what she was looking for. She discarded everything that had brought her to where she was and threw away enlightenment. Which is not to say that a search for a Creator is incompatible with enlightenment - perhaps the opposite is more true - but she deceived herself.

      A hopeful story that wraps up with a tragedy and a downfall for no good reason.

      The movie did the

  • Have they proven that PI actually is the algorithm they use to calculate the value?

    I mean the diameter times PI is the circumference. But how do you prove that the algorithm checks out to that in any meaningful way?
    Or have they redefined the value of PI to being what the current algorithm produces?

    Will my circles be rounder?!?!

  • These researchers should be defunded... Oh, wait, this is not research. This is a fucking publicity _stunt_!

    • by maird ( 699535 )
      The purpose is not to simply to get as many digits of pi as possibe for any calculation purpose. It's also intended to discover if pi is truly irrational, i.e. is not the ratio of any two integers. Also, I believe to prove pi is also a transcendental number, from Wkipedia: "In mathematics, a transcendental number is a real or complex number that is not algebraic – that is, not the root of a non-zero polynomial of finite degree with rational coefficients. The best-known transcendental numbers are an
      • by gweihir ( 88907 )

        Ah, no. Pi is irrational and that is _proven_ (since 1760, no less). This is a stunt, nothing else.

        • by maird ( 699535 )
          1768 actually I believe. However, the point about testing for proof the decimal digits of pi are or are not randomly distributed is one of the major reasons for doing this work (behind testing the performane of supercomputers and the arithmetic operations, particularly multiplication, on them).
  • That's pretty compact.
  • Now I have to start my circle all over again to the new spec.

  • And, the point being... well, nothing.

  • ... two days late.

    You had one job ...

  • Amusing... and I confess to have been rather infatuated with Pi in my youth. But realistically, you need very few digits of pi. Even NASA only uses pi down to 15 digits. 62 digits is enough to make a perfect circle the size of the known universe down to the Plank length.

  • with all those digits?

  • I struggle to identify a practical use of the value of Pi beyond 1 trillion digits/decimal places...

    In my realm, 3.14159263 has sufficed, but I guess someone, somewhere, has a practical use for, let's say, Pi to say 50 or 100 digits.

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