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Earth Science

Tiny Plastic Is Everywhere (npr.org) 210

An anonymous reader shares a report from NPR about ecologist Chelsea Rochman, who has dedicated her career to studying how microplastics are getting into the food chain and affecting everything from beer to fish: Since modern plastic was first mass-produced, 8 billion tons have been manufactured. And when it's thrown away, it doesn't just disappear. Much of it crumbles into small pieces. Scientists call the tiny pieces "microplastics" and define them as objects smaller than 5 millimeters -- about the size of one of the letters on a computer keyboard. Researchers started to pay serious attention to microplastics in the environment about 15 years ago. They're in oceans, rivers and lakes. They're also in soil. Recent research in Germany found that fertilizer made from composted household waste contains microplastics. And, even more concerning, microplastics are in drinking water. In beer. In sea salt. In fish and shellfish. How microplastics get into animals is something of a mystery, and Chelsea Rochman is trying to solve it.

Since she started studying microplastics, Rochman has found them in the outflow from sewage treatment plants. And they've shown up in insects, worms, clams, fish and birds. To study how that happens, [researcher Kennedy Bucci] makes her own microplastics from the morning's collection. She takes a postage stamp-size piece of black plastic from the jar, and grinds it into particles using a coffee grinder. "So this is the plastic that I feed to the fish," she says. The plastic particles go into beakers of water containing fish larvae from fathead minnows, the test-animals of choice in marine toxicology. Tanks full of them line the walls of the lab. Bucci uses a pipette to draw out a bunch of larvae that have already been exposed to these ground-up plastic particles. The larva's gut is translucent. We can see right into it. "You can see kind of a line of black, weirdly shaped black things," she points out. "Those are the microplastics." The larva has ingested them. Rochman says microplastic particles can sicken or even kill larvae and fish in their experiments.

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Tiny Plastic Is Everywhere

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  • by Mr. Dollar Ton ( 5495648 ) on Monday August 20, 2018 @10:47PM (#57164478)

    Actually, we knew this will happen over a hundred years ago already.

    A certain Mr. Malthus explained how the world will drown in its own manure. He is still "ridiculed" by the unsophisticated liberal arts bunch who call themselves "economists" and don't understand basic physics, although we see more and more evidence that our "growth" is unsustainable.

    The world is drowning in the excess heat the human shit is trapping, drowning in the garbage people are producing and the biosphere is being literally converted to shit at an increasing pace.

    And due to the well-known market failure of underinvestment in science and technology, coupled to the slow erosion of democracy by the rich elites, it is increasingly unlikely we'll get a "technological solution".

    It is all thoughts and prayers from now on.

    • Believers in Malthusianism [wikipedia.org] are ridiculed because the concept has already proven to be wrong. The rate of population growth not only peaked long ago, it is actually in strong decline. As nations become prosperous, population growth tends toward the replacement rate, or even below it. Please see the excellent talk Nuclear Australia - Energy Freedom by Dr. Ben Heard [youtube.com], which covers this in the first few minutes. There is much reason to be positive about the future, and the sooner we pull the rest of the world ou

      • the concept has already proven to be wrong.

        The concept of resource depletion has never be "proven" wrong, because it is true. Its origin is in basic physics - exponential growth in a constrained environment is unsustainable, and physics laws as of yet have not been successfully modified by politicians or economists, and not for lack of trying. There are fools, though, whose perception has been modified to ignore them.

        The bunch of strawmen that appear to address the issue do so only because they don't recog

        • In every case where we think we are seeing an exponential rise in some statistic about humanity, such as population growth, it turns out to be an S-curve as the rising value approaches some natural constraint. As we approach that constraint the economic cost of our activity rises, leading us back into balance again.

          Apocalypse has a long history of never occurring.

    • A certain Mr Malthus was not only wrong, but his prognostications have been the justification for some truly heinous policies.

      https://www.scientificamerican... [scientificamerican.com]

      https://www.forbes.com/sites/l... [forbes.com]

      "Peak oil" has been predicted at least a dozen times - still not true.
      World population has gone from the 800 million of Malthus' time to 7 BILLION today, and even now the problem isn't starvation from a lack of food, it's starvation because of political barriers to food distribution. The main medical problem of the de

    • Malthus thought our sheer numbers would doom us, but it's not about the numbers at all. We have technology that can let the planet carry many more people than are currently destroying the biosphere. The problem, ironically, is our technology. Although we have clean, green, and sustainable technologies for producing both energy and goods, we're instead using cheap, fast, and dirty technology to maximize profit.

      The ultimate irony is that we don't even need plastics to feed and house a larger population. Good

      • how, do you propose we change peoples hearts and minds. The greatest problem is the growing number of people who have faith in nothing, except whatever they happen to feel is right or wrong. It is impossible to make a rational argument for self sacrifice to someone who a) Doesn't believe the future is relevant to them after they die.
        b) Is only convinced something is right or wrong by their feelings.

        On the other hand , if half the Christians and Buddhist in the world actually practiced what they preach th

        • how, do you propose we change peoples hearts and minds. The greatest problem is the growing number of people who have faith in nothing, except whatever they happen to feel is right or wrong. [...] On the other hand , if half the Christians and Buddhist in the world actually practiced what they preach the whole world would be much better off. At least with them you can point out they are wrong and make an argument about why they should change.

          Yeah, people have been trying that all along, but it doesn't work because they can argue that they know better than you what their god wants because of their upbringing, and/or that god communicates directly with them. And of course, there's all the people who don't really believe in that shit anyway, but hide behind the parts they like deliberately and willfully. You know, like every Catholic. Their church has been raping children in every conceivable scenario for centuries, and they're still willing to be

          • The level of rape in the Catholic Church is about the same or less than in the public schools. The recent report from pensilvania found 300 accused perpetrators out of more than 5000 priest, which puts them about in line with the rest of the country. The difference is people can and should expect them to be better.

            • by BranMan ( 29917 )

              Whoa there! 300 out of 5000? So 1 in 16? Of ALL priests in PA? And you are like, "no big deal, about the same as in public schools".

              If I thought that 1 out of 16 teachers in public schools was raping children I'd be out there with my torch, pitchfork, and noose egging on the mob (or leading them).

    • People, especially the rich, do exceptionally well when their way of life is threatened.

  • This is honestly getting a bit tiring. The problem we have that is being discussed here is not microplastics. It's plastics. The plastic packaging etc, which gets small enough from being grinded by water to be swallowed by various animals, while remaining large enough to get stuck.

    "Microplastics" are the nanometer grade particulates, which mainly come from washing and drying clothing. They are small enough to pass freely through cellular walls, and as far as we know are completely metabolically inert. As in

    • by religionofpeas ( 4511805 ) on Monday August 20, 2018 @11:26PM (#57164618)

      The plastic polymer may be inert, but that does not apply to the additives that are mixed in with it.

      https://www.sciencedirect.com/... [sciencedirect.com]

      • by Luckyo ( 1726890 )

        Microplastics do not have such additives to my knowledge. They shed those long before they become small enough. It's why this conflation is so annoying. Something that exists in one gets projected onto another.

      • The plastic polymer may be inert, but that does not apply to the additives that are mixed in with it.

        https://www.sciencedirect.com/... [sciencedirect.com]

        Quite apart from the fact that filter feeders of all kinds ingest these small plastic fragments in large quantities along with plankton and it clogs up their intestines. The problem is not jut limited to filter feeders, all kinds of fish and other marine animals swallow bits of plastic after mistaking them for prey items. Nanoplastics have been found to cause brain damage in fish and what's more they have been found in fish eaten by humans. This means that as humans eat organism whose flesh contains plastic

        • by Luckyo ( 1726890 )

          This is a lot of conflation of things, followed by claims that concern one, and not the other.

          Microplastics are the micrometre/nanometre particulates. They are small enough to freely pass through cellular walls. By definition (which is being desperately conflated in this story to sell the outrage of the year), they cannot "clog the intestines". Their source is also not the plastic garbage swallowed by fish as it keeps getting ground into smaller size. It's the washing and drying of clothing, which keeps dis

          • I can't even seem to find the study in question any more because of all the outrage garbage journalism reducing signal to noise ratio to the extreme

            There you go again.

            It is actually not hard to find solid research by scientists about plastics in the environment. But you would rather blame journalists.
            Perhaps you should refine your searches and try to use some judgement instead of having a knee jerk reaction.

            • by Luckyo ( 1726890 )

              Really now. Tell me then, how is it that in spoken language, the most basic scientific concept of "theory" has the exact opposite meaning that it does in science? How did that ever get to happen?

    • by Anonymous Coward


      "Microplastics" are the nanometer grade particulates

      No, they are not. "Nanometer grade" is orders of magnitude smaller. Read the TFA first, stupid.

      • by Luckyo ( 1726890 )

        Read the story and you'll find that the smallest they're talking about is millimetre sized. TFA conflates even more things than the story.

        • The reality is, there is more than just this one article and more than this one scientist studying this problem. This is a problem that has been around for years, but we didn't realize the magnitude of it until the last ten years or so.

          You know, it really isn't that hard to find many other scientists sounding the alarm about plastics in the environment.
          • by Luckyo ( 1726890 )

            And we're back to desperate attempt to conflate the microplastics with plastic garbage in the oceans.

            This is why I really hate this being done. After the conflation is well established in public mind, it's all but impossible to explain to them that these are two completely separate issues.

            It's how problems like anti-vaccine movements get popularized.

    • "Microplastics" are the nanometer grade particulates

      No. Microplastics are sub-5mm pieces. The ones you're talking about are called "nanoplastics"

      • by Luckyo ( 1726890 )

        This is the result of said conflation. Microplastics start in micrometre range and go down to nanometers. They're overwhelmingly measured in nanometers, because most of them would need a decimal if measures in micrometers. Their main source is washing and drying of clothing.

        The conflation of the original study on the topic resulted in people like you thinking that microplastics are actually the same thing as small particulates that come from plastic garbage in the oceans. They're not. The source is differen

        • No really what your posts are about is a deflection of the problem away from the plastics industry and consumers. That is really where you have attempted to drive the debate.

          But you must realize that is incorrect. Plastics in the environment, whether micro bead, micro fiber, micro plastics, plastic bags used by retailers for consumers, etc are all part of the problem and need to addressed.

          Really what you have attempted with your posts is to drive the debate away from that reality and to put the blam
          • by Luckyo ( 1726890 )

            And now, you're just plain projecting. I haven't even mentioned the plastics industry once. I have mentioned consumers several times, and made specific distinctions which are quite harmful to the relevant industry.

            >Plastics in the environment, whether micro bead, micro fiber, micro plastics, plastic bags used by retailers for consumers, etc are all part of the problem and need to addressed.

            "Radiation in the environment, whether it's background radiation or emitted by specific emitter, alpha, beta or gamm

    • Wow, it's like (Score:5, Informative)

      by Dasher42 ( 514179 ) on Tuesday August 21, 2018 @12:49AM (#57164900)

      You wrote an expert-sounding essay on a topic like this without doing your homework on pthalates? Really??

      https://www.theguardian.com/li... [theguardian.com]

      • by Luckyo ( 1726890 )

        Phtalates are not plastics, and are only relevant to large plastic garbage. As the story linked in TFA itself says, they come off the plastic once it gets ground to the millimetre-level size.

        After that, they're diluted in ocean to irrelevant levels.

    • How would you categorize micro beads and micro fibers that are plastic and end up in the environment? I would imagine, again, you would apologize for the plastics industry, and blame journalists.

      Thats interesting, to blame journalists. I know someone else who likes to scapegoat them.

      Another example of how micro plastics are detrimental to marine life: Microbeads float on the water’s surface, and fish mistake them for food. The plastic alone is bad for fish health, but so are the microbes that
  • Munch (Score:4, Insightful)

    by Tablizer ( 95088 ) on Tuesday August 21, 2018 @12:45AM (#57164882) Journal

    For a good while, dead wood was not digest-able by anything. It piled up, producing much of the coal we use today. Then one day via either God or natural selection, take your pick, some bacterium learned to digest it. Aided by termite guts, they've been munching wood ever since.

    One humid day you may find that bugs ate your PC. (No, not those kind of bugs.)

    There's already known slow digesters of plastic.

    • by PPH ( 736903 )

      some bacterium learned to digest it

      Not really. Dead wood that fell (and falls today) in peat bogs and similar environments aren't consumed by bacteria. That is where coal comes from.

  • by pollarda ( 632730 ) on Tuesday August 21, 2018 @12:58AM (#57164922)
    One form of microplastics is micro fibers. Microfibers wear off of synthetic clothing every time you take a step, walk down the street, go to the park, go swimming, or do virtually anything else. They banned microbeads because they were getting swallowed by fish, getting into the soils, and getting into the food supply. But the amount of microbeads that were released into the environment is dwarfed by the amount of microfibers released into the environment each and every day. Patagonia of course pretends like they care about our environment but virtually all their products are made from synthetic materials. Their customers hike to some of the most remote places on the earth with some of the worldâ(TM)s most fragile environments littering microfibers all along the way.
  • If it's everywhere, and been going on that long, it can't be all that apocalyptic. Most organisms must handle it pretty darn well.
    • indeed, plastics are biodegradable and are what some bacteria crave. Just like with crude oil, there really are creatures that go om nom nom.

  • Comment removed based on user account deletion
  • Scientists call the tiny pieces "microplastics" and define them as objects smaller than 5 millimeters -- about the size of one of the letters on a computer keyboard.

    Those of us living in first-world countries know how long 5mm is, thank you very much.

  • Identify a species of open-ocean alga known to form floating mats, Sargassum for example, that flourishes in the presence of a nutrient like iron. Seed the Pacific gyre with large amounts of the plant and the nutrient. Because this part of the ocean is a gyre, currents sweeping floating material into one area. the nutrient should stay in one place long enough for the alga to form large mats that after they run out of nutrient will die, decay and sink to abyssal depths, taking atmospheric carbon and floating

  • Plastic is made from oil. Oil is something between a rock and an organic. Plastic makes the oil harder to break down. We are basically making artificial and very flexible rocks.

    The plastic doesn't deteriorate like normal organic matter , it breaks down more like rocks because that is what it is. So is it harmful? no on can say. Not enough data.

  • Membrane BioReactor sewage treatment plants do not allow these micro plastics to get through. Fixed.

    • by MobyDisk ( 75490 )

      Interesting. So that brings up some questions: Are the plastics getting into the environment through sewage? What will we do with the filtered plastics?

  • Chemists worked out how to make plastics.
    Now their job is working out how to fully biodegrade plastics.
    If they could be degraded into something safe and useful, all the better.

A committee takes root and grows, it flowers, wilts and dies, scattering the seed from which other committees will bloom. -- Parkinson

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