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Earth Science

Warmer Pacific Ocean Could Release Millions of Tons of Methane 329

vinces99 writes: Off the U.S. West Coast, methane gas is trapped in frozen layers below the seafloor. New research from the University of Washington shows that water at intermediate depths is warming enough to cause these carbon deposits to melt, releasing methane into the sediments and surrounding water. Researchers found that water off the coast of Washington is gradually warming at a depth of 500 meters (about a third of a mile down), the same depth where methane transforms from a solid to a gas. The research suggests that ocean warming could be triggering the release of a powerful greenhouse gas (abstract).

Scientists believe global warming will release methane from gas hydrates worldwide, but most of the focus has been on the Arctic. The new paper estimates that, from 1970 to 2013, some 4 million metric tons of methane has been released from hydrate decomposition off Washington's coast. That's an amount each year equal to the methane from natural gas released in the 2010 Deepwater Horizon blowout off the coast of Louisiana, and 500 times the rate at which methane is naturally released from the seafloor.
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Warmer Pacific Ocean Could Release Millions of Tons of Methane

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  • I've stayed clear of the whole climate change (or whatever you want to call it) debacle for the last decade, since it has become so politicized.

    I don't have enough field knowledge to combat every ridiculous claim, coming from either side.

    From what I understand, there is little doubt climate change is happening, the questions is to what extent the impact of humans may be responsible.

    Is there any solid evidence for this? How reliable are the models? How can we have a reliable answer when we haven't been recor

    • by tanveer1979 ( 530624 ) on Wednesday December 10, 2014 @12:26AM (#48561985) Homepage Journal

      The Cosmos season one Episode 13 explains it quite a bit. And earth is getting warmer since the industrial revolution in the absence of other factors. Most of the debate comes from industries who stand to loose from climate based taxes.

      Think of it as the lead debacle.

    • by taiwanjohn ( 103839 ) on Wednesday December 10, 2014 @12:32AM (#48562007)

      Methane release also played a key role in the Permian Mass Extinction Event. [wikipedia.org]

    • by twistedcubic ( 577194 ) on Wednesday December 10, 2014 @12:38AM (#48562025)

      I don't have enough field knowledge to combat every ridiculous claim, coming from either side.

      I'd be interested in hearing an example of a "ridiculous" claim from the side which thinks global warming is real.
      • Re: (Score:2, Informative)

        by metrix007 ( 200091 )

        How about that Humans are 100% solely responsible? That's one example...

        • by tanveer1979 ( 530624 ) on Wednesday December 10, 2014 @03:07AM (#48562553) Homepage Journal

          Humans are 100% responsible is a claim which makes headlines.
          But have you read actual research.

          It says, there is enough evidence to prove that most of the warming can be linked to human activities.

          Science looks at evidence, and then presents a hypothesis. This is how it has been in the scientific method. When an evidence is discounted science looks at new evidence.

          Science is never always right. Scientists make mistakes. And that is why its science. For example, some hypothesis about climate change was proved wrong. Does it mean that entire climate change argument is wrong?
          Scientists will update their models, gather more evidence and then present the findings again. Being wrong does not discredit science. It merely improves it.

          The problem is, people view science as they have viewed faith. There is no room for error or mistakes. So any process which makes mistakes is ridiculed. IPCC has made mistakes, so have other climate scientists. Some evidence may not be relevant or nonferrous. But it does not matter. We just move on.

          There are some things about climate we do not understand. That is also acceptable. Sure, faith based systems have all the answers, but that is not science. You first have to understand what is science, and once you do, you will figure it all out.

          Do not fear science. Embibe it. Question. But not because somebody told you to, or some rich publication says so. Question on your own merit. If you do not believe something to be true, instead of ridiculing and pointing to some site on the internet which says its wrong, ask the question.

          What site X says, is it true? If not, why? You will find answers to all of it if you start looking for it.

          But if you let your faith cloud your judgement, you will never understand. If you want to understand, question. Now ridicule.

          • I understand how science works, thanks.

            Can you link me to some conclusive research? Because I haven't found any. There seem to be just as many studies opposing that humans are responsible as there are studies implicating us.

            • Any study is valid if its peer reviewed. So first of all you need to apply this filter. You are not qualified to believe in a study. So people like you and me look for peer reviewed studies.

              Secondly, you have to understand that a study is one study.
              So if 20 sites quote Study X
              and 2 sites quote study Y
              It does not mean there are 2 studies Y and 20 studies X

              Many times, these denier sites all quote one study, and in the cacophony confusion arises.

              So whenever you find something, see if you can follow the breadcr

              • Many times, these denier sites all quote one study, and in the cacophony confusion arises.

                I would like to add that often these sites quote a study that does not say what the site claims it says, usuallly the contrary. So always check out the study, too. If you don't know the lingo, or can follow the science, there's usually some discussion to be found handling the misquoting of the paper.

                As there very seldom is "conclusive" studies in anything -- and especially so in a cross-discipline field covering physics, astronomy and biology -- you'd be better off starting with Spencer Wearth's Discover

            • by bledri ( 1283728 )

              I understand how science works, thanks.

              Can you link me to some conclusive research? Because I haven't found any. There seem to be just as many studies opposing that humans are responsible as there are studies implicating us.

              Just as many? From Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature [iop.org]:

              We analyze the evolution of the scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming (AGW) in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, examining 11944 climate abstracts from 1991–2011 matching the topics 'global climate change' or 'global warming'. We find that 66.4% of abstracts expressed no position on AGW, 32.6% endorsed AGW, 0.7% rejected AGW and 0.3% were uncertain about the cause of global warming. Among abstracts expressing a position on AGW, 97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming. In a second phase of this study, we invited authors to rate their own papers. Compared to abstract ratings, a smaller percentage of self-rated papers expressed no position on AGW (35.5%). Among self-rated papers expressing a position on AGW, 97.2% endorsed the consensus. For both abstract ratings and authors' self-ratings, the percentage of endorsements among papers expressing a position on AGW marginally increased over time. Our analysis indicates that the number of papers rejecting the consensus on AGW is a vanishingly small proportion of the published research.

              Based on those percentages, of the approximately 3977 papers published that took a position on AGW, about 3893 supported AGW and around 84 rejected AGW. So the appearance that their are "just as many" opposing studies is an illusion.

        • And what exactly is ridiculous about that?

        • by dywolf ( 2673597 )

          this is why youre a troll and your original comment is nothing but a thinly disguised "im not a scientist...but i dont believe the scientists"

    • Glad you asked (Score:5, Informative)

      by Tenebrousedge ( 1226584 ) <tenebrousedge@gmail. c o m> on Wednesday December 10, 2014 @12:52AM (#48562087)

      questions is to what extent the impact of humans may be responsible.

      No, this is fairly easily measurable; we're dwarfing natural processes. Aside from natural seasonal variation the biggest natural contributor to atmospheric CO2 is volcanic activity, and the rate at which we're releasing carbon is completely unprecedented. You can figure it as equivalent to 1-2 Yellowstone supervolcano eruptions every year, or two Pinatubos per day. [wordpress.com] (the article quotes from a paper that I belive is available online but I can't find it at the moment).

      The models are well-defined on the lower limit due to the physics of radiation; 3.7 W/m^2 increase per doubling of CO2 is a straightforward result of the Stefan-Boltzmann Law. That is equivalent to about 1 degree C global temp, and no one is worried about that. The issue is that water vapor is a much stronger greenhouse gas and you may have noticed that there's quite a bit of it lying around. Furthermore, air can hold exponentially more water vapor as it heats up. There's a lot of variation possible in the feedback loops but negative feedback is really unlikely.

      Personally, I find the most useful way to approach the subject is to take a look at the history of climate science. Thousands of scientists did not wake up one day and accept the movement of the continents, neither did they accept that humans could have any affect on the climate without strong proofs. The Discovery of Global Warming [aip.org] goes over the history of global warming and has useful insights into what exactly a climate model is, and how even one-dimensional models can still tell us useful things even if their long-term predictions are not all that accurate

      For a more detailed look into the science, you might check out Science of Doom [scienceofdoom.com], but a textbook on atmospheric physics may be more useful. Unfortunately, beyond the basics it starts to get complicated in a real hurry; unless you really want to start diving through papers and textbooks you will probably be best served by the IPCC report.

      • I will be checking out the links you posted, and thank you for your answer.

        However, if you could provide a short, succinct explanation as to how we know we are dwarfing natural processes, that would be great.

        Where is the data coming from that we can assert that so confidently?

        If the answer is in one of the links you posted I apologize, I won't be checking them out till the weekend.

        • Re:Glad you asked (Score:5, Informative)

          by Anonymous Coward on Wednesday December 10, 2014 @02:33AM (#48562445)

          Seriously, pick up the IPCC or follow the Climate Change course at coursera. But one tl;dr is:

          Carbon comes in various isotopes, mostly by action of the sun. So plants and us include an amount of C-14 because we interact with the atmosphere. Stuff like oil and gas contains no C-14 because it's been underground for millions of years.

          By measurements we know that all the additional CO2 in the atmosphere is only C-12, no C-14 at all. So whereever it's coming from it's been out of contact with the atmosphere for a very long time. It is also replacing the O2 levels in exactly the amount expected if you were burning stuff. And its the wrong proportion for volcanos. And it's not coming from the oceans either (they're absorbing, not releasing).

          Now, that narrows it down a lot. Draw your own conclusion.

          This page is actually a really good summary: http://www.skepticalscience.com/anthrocarbon-brief.html

        • Re:Glad you asked (Score:5, Informative)

          by Beck_Neard ( 3612467 ) on Wednesday December 10, 2014 @02:35AM (#48562461)

          The amount of CO2 we release into the atmosphere is easily measurable, and it matches with the observed increase in CO2 in air, water, and biomass. It's about 40 billion tons per year now: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/GCP/carb... [ornl.gov]

          The amount of CO2 naturally emitted by volcanoes and forest fires and such is a bit harder to calculate but you can get reasonable order-of-magnitude estimates. Volcanoes, for instance, emit about 0.3 billion tons per year. There are lots of sources on the US geological survey page: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/haza... [usgs.gov]

          No matter how you slice it, even the most outlandish estimates for CO2 from natural sources fall 1-2 orders of magnitude short of the amount of CO2 necessary to explain the global increase.

          There are natural CO2 absorbing sources but the additional amount they absorb each year is tiny.

        • by Tenebrousedge ( 1226584 ) <tenebrousedge@gmail. c o m> on Wednesday December 10, 2014 @02:59AM (#48562535)

          Here [unipi.it] is the paper I mentioned, and here is the USGS's take on the matter. [usgs.gov] From what I understand there are a number of ways to estimate human CO2 output, one being to add up all the fossil fuels [ornl.gov] that are being consumed globally, which is likely not terribly accurate but we're still talking about two or three orders of magnitude difference. Another estimation method uses carbon isotope ratios [skepticalscience.com]. I get the impression that estimating volcanic emissions is somewhat difficult [usgs.gov], but there's a fair amount of continuous monitoring for various reasons. Terrence Gerlach, a vulcanologist with the USGS, seems to have done quite a bit of research into the subject. The nice thing about scholarly publications is that they have to tell you where the numbers come from; if one wants to find out more about either part of the estimates then you just follow the references.

          In summation, parts of the estimates come from direct measurements and the other parts seem to be estimates based on fossil fuel consumption. I am sure that there's a whole world of study out there for estimating various factors.

          As an aside, humans are still far from matching or exceeding the most violent outgassings that have resulted from the formation of Large Igneous Provinces. I believe the Deccan Traps and Siberian Traps released about 3 orders of magnitude more CO2 than humanity has liberated. While our current burn rate would have us match those outgassings in about a thousand years, I don't believe that our fossil fuel reserves are projected to last that long. However, Large Igneous Provinces generally took millions of years to form, not hundreds; there is every reason to believe that what we are doing to the planet is unprecedented. On the other other hand, we're mostly skipping the problems with particulate matter and sulfides that came along with volcanic eruptions. For what it's worth.

        • by dywolf ( 2673597 )

          Natural carbon processes are neutral.

          By far the the biggest aberrations in the natural world are volcanoes.
          Volcanic activity varies year to year, but volcanoes emit 0.3 billion (or 300 million) tons of CO2 per year on average.

          In comparison human activity releases in excess of 40 billion tons of CO2. Every year.
          And its only increasing.

          Imagine a cube 18 miles on a side (more than 95000 feet tall). Made of CO2.

          That's what 40 billion tons of CO2 looks like.
          That's what we put into the atmospehere every year.

          Whil

    • Actually the question isn't to what extent humans are responsible. We know that humans are mostly, if not entirely, responsible. This is not controversial. It's also not controversial that over the next century the planet is going to warm by at least a few degrees, regardless of any actions we take (the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has already 'locked in' a certain amount of warming). In all likelihood, this is going to continue for at least a millenium, again regardless of what we do now. This is unless

      • Actually the question isn't to what extent humans are responsible. We know that humans are mostly, if not entirely, responsible. This is not controversial.

        It is controversial though, as it is contested a lot. How do we know that humans are mostly, if not entirely, responsible?

        • It's not 'contested a lot'. The only people who 'contest' it are US republicans.

          http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I... [wikipedia.org]

          FTA: "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report."

          • Yes, the IPCC conclusion and report is what is contested.

            If you think contesting it is stupid that is one thing, but to deny it is being contested...

            • Again, that doesn't really count as being contested. By that logic, it's also a subject of controversy as to whether the dog did indeed eat little Johnny's homework. Also, it's contested whether the sky is indeed blue - a colorblind person sees it as gray.

              It doesn't count as contest if the people contesting it are ignorant and/or are doing it for political purposes.

        • When you add up all of the natural factors that affect temperatures it's clear that we should be in a slight cooling trend right now but the warming continues. That alone implies that human contributions are responsible for all of the warming lately.

        • We know that humans are mostly responsible because:
          - the isotope type of carbon in the atmosphere can be measured, and it matches the output you get when burning fossil fuels and not other origins
          - the amount of carbon in the atmosphere that is measured matches the output you would expect by burning the fossil fuels we know are being used globally

          Now the heating up of the atmosphere is not a simple relation to the fossil fuel CO2 output since there's all kinds of heat sinks that we didn't realize the Earth

      • It is called geoengineering, no need for magic. Of course there is many people that would rather hope for magical pixie dust than to have human engineered solutions to the problem.
        • Geoengineering won't solve the problem, it will just replace the problem with another problem. That said, it's possible that the new problem will be easier to deal with than the problem of CO2. In that case I'm all for it, but we need to first figure out more about the effects of climate change before we make any hasty decisions.

          Sadly a lot of groups are going to see geoengineering as a way to further their own agendas, so it's possible that that solution too will become corrupted.

      • by gtall ( 79522 )

        It has had negligible effect on Conservative Republican thought processes, hence it doesn't exist.

      • by fnj ( 64210 )

        Excuse me, but you can't wave away controversy by asserting that there is no controversy. That is intellectual dishonesty. Believers (NOT accusing you personally) also engage in tainted discussion every time they invoke the mantra of "denial" and "denier". It's a loaded word, and is INTENDED to serve as a loaded word, and is taken from a playbook. The appropriate word is "unbeliever" or "nonbeliever" or "disbeliever". If that degree of honest discussion ever becomes prevalent on the side of the believers, a

    • You are asking a group of people who believe the world is no more than 5,000 years old and there is no evidence (in their eyes a serious intellectual way) that humans evolved from primates for a straight answer why they do not believe? Especially since those that due are liberal which are obviously wrong all the time in their opinion just look at obamacare etc so there is zero credibility.

      It is an embarrassment such a solid group even exists in my country! I just can not fathom this in the 21st century peop

    • I don't think you are going to get a simple, straight answer from anybody. One side, the scientists, are scientists and therefore always qualify their statements, for the simple reason that they want to give correct answers to some very complex questions, and the other side is not interested in the truth or correctness of what they say, they just want to make it impossible for the lay person to understand things enough to realise that we need to take action.

      Try to step a little bit back from what you read i

    • by dargaud ( 518470 ) <slashdot2@nOSpaM.gdargaud.net> on Wednesday December 10, 2014 @05:22AM (#48562969) Homepage
      Here's a different way to look at it: have you ever heard of the carboniferous period ? It's the 50 million years period between the time plants invented lignin and became trees (300MY ago) and the time when microorganisms evolved a way to digest it. During this period trees that died didn't rot. They just piled up. And other trees grew on top to hundreds of meters of depths. All that accumulated carbon is still around, in the ground, in form of coal of petroleum. But it took humans barely 200 years to release a good part of it into the atmosphere. Draw your own conclusion...
    • by gtall ( 79522 ) on Wednesday December 10, 2014 @06:45AM (#48563261)

      You don't have to believe in climate change to realize dumping large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere is a problem. Just look at the acidifying oceans. Yes, it isn't methane (hence the difference in name and molecular structure). The implication of your statement is that since we have no good way of separating out the influence of man made climate change and natural climate change, we can forget about the controversy until the science resolves it. The science around the acidifying ocean is not in doubt except possibly by Sen. Sessions who never met a scientific fact he couldn't contradict.

      You do recall the ocean, yes? Base the food chain? Screwing it up means you eventually go hungry.

    • From what I understand, there is little doubt climate change is happening, the questions is to what extent the impact of humans may be responsible.

      That is not the question.

      The question is, now that climate change has become inevitable, what should we do about it?

      The answer varies considerably for different values of "we". However for most values of "we", it would make sense to do what can be done to reduce the greenhouse gases our human activities produce. For while this might not make a difference, it might make a big difference since everything suggests that that the climate's near future is characterized by one or more tipping points, and even a

    • by dywolf ( 2673597 )

      The fact it even is politicized is stupid.
      Science is science and facts are facts.
      They dont care about a person's politics.
      the only place where climate change or human responsiblity is even a "debate" is in the political realm.

      In the real world and among climate* scientists it's not a debate.
      yes there is solid evidence.
      yes the models are accurate.
      yes we have sufficient data to show it.
      CO2 levels are at their high point in nearly a million years (humans have only been around for 2 MY).
      Sea levels have risen 8

  • Nature just fucking proved it.

  • Sadly if we abbreviate save our backsides we end up with SOB which just won't work well. Maybe a word that means the same that starts with an A would help. We'll call it the SOA association. In order to save our A we need to consider just what actions to take. One is to use our minds and the other is to sit back and quietly wait for science and technology to save our A. My humble, adled, mind suggests that using our brains is more reliable than waiting for tech to bail us out. Th
  • I know the methane clathrate gun hypothesis was disproven, but the difference between that and this becomes academic beyond certain amounts of warming.

  • by bradley13 ( 1118935 ) on Wednesday December 10, 2014 @10:54AM (#48564639) Homepage

    For those interested, this appears to be the paper. [wiley.com] The paper itself is paywalled; you can look at the supplementary material, which includes the diagrams. Oddly, the paper does not seem to be online at the university, even though other papers by the various authors are. Why do I know this? Because I wanted to see the temperature data that they used, so I went hunting.

    The paper implies that the temperature data is very noisy, but that they were able to extract a signal anyway. The raw data should be provided in the supplementary material, so that people could attempt to replicate/verify this essential finding. Of course, the raw data are no where to be found. So we have no way to check.

    Personally, I'm tired of "science" like this. If you're going to make a claim, put your damn data out there where anyone can see it. Raw data, a clear description of how you processed it, program code if you wrote a program. Otherwise, you're no better than the astrologist pontificating about the influence of Venus on your dog's love life.

Every nonzero finite dimensional inner product space has an orthonormal basis. It makes sense, when you don't think about it.

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