Ares Manager Steve Cook Resigns From NASA 153
FleaPlus writes "Steve Cook, project manager for the Ares I-X, Ares I, and Ares V rockets, announced that he will resign from NASA MSFC after 19 years at the agency, leaving for an executive position at Dynetics, Inc. This raises doubts about the future of the Ares program, which has been plagued with development problems and massive cost/schedule overruns since its inception. Steve Cook also oversaw the (since discredited) 2005 ESAS study which scrapped NASA's prior plans to adapt already-existing commercial rockets for human/beyond-LEO exploration in favor of internally developing the Ares rockets."
Back to plan A? (Score:1)
Re:Back out of Plan Affirmative-Action (Score:5, Insightful)
Re:Back out of Plan Affirmative-Action (Score:5, Interesting)
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Really reliable except for a series of Soyuz spacecraft that nearly burned up on reentry, due to the thrust unit not being released properly. They still have no idea what is causing it. See for example: http://www.universetoday.com/2008/04/20/soyuz-crew-safe-after-a-violent-re-entry-and-landing-400km-off-target/ [universetoday.com]
Any landing you can walk away from is a success, and the crew survived, didn't they? How would a shuttle deal with this sort of punishment, you think?
If given a choice to travel on either a Soyuz or a shuttle, I'd fly on a Soyuz in a heartbeat. Not that anyone will ever ask me of course...
Re:Back out of Plan Affirmative-Action (Score:4, Insightful)
If Soyuz has a severe problem during landing, it ends up in another country.
If the Shuttle has a severe problem during landing, it blows up. There is literally no room for error.
Do you see where I'm going here? There were likely some gross oversights that led to the incident you linked to -- however, by virtue of the fact that Soyuz is both simple and mature, the craft is able to survive the statistical fluke of a faulty explosive bolt.
Re:Back out of Plan Affirmative-Action (Score:5, Funny)
If the Shuttle has a severe problem during landing, it ends up in different countries.
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If Soyuz has a severe problem during landing, it ends up in another country.
Usually it ends up in another region of Russia, just due to the size of the latter.
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In my country there is problem, and that problem is transport. It take very very long, because Kazakhstan is big.
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If Soyuz has a severe problem during landing, it ends up in another country.
If the Shuttle has a severe problem during landing, it blows up. There is literally no room for error.
No.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes [wikipedia.org]
It can end up in other countries, like Spain.
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So, where am I supposed go for up-to-date, well-informed scare-mongering?
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Re:Back out of Plan Affirmative-Action (Score:4, Funny)
Just imagine what could be accomplished if these space agencies were globally integrated, well-funded and properly managed.
That's like asking for dehydrated water.
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Just imagine what could be accomplished if these space agencies were globally integrated, well-funded and properly managed.
Forget space... Just imagine what humanity could do as a race if our governments were globally integrated, well-funded and properly managed. Too bad we will never see it in our lifetime.
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Re:Back out of Plan Affirmative-Action (Score:4, Insightful)
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... and run by the UN. Or Saddam Hussein. Or insert our favorite strongman name here.
If it were to exist a greater integration between governments, it won't be a safe bet to count on Western-style democracy to rule.
I don't know about you, but I am quite happy with the lack of such "global integration".
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Oh. Wait.
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Re:Back out of Plan Affirmative-Action (Score:5, Insightful)
Spaceflight continues to be the crowning achievement of humanity
I agreed with everything you said up to this point. What about the elimination of smallpox? The Internet? Sanitation? Prenatal genetic testing? I won't argue that space flight has been a terrific triumph of engineering, but I'd hesitate to say it's the most important and impressive thing humans've ever done. Say it again when we have a permanent settlement on another planet and maybe I'll change my mind, but for now I'd rank it not quite at the top. Certainly very, very high on the list, tho'.
Re:Back out of Plan Affirmative-Action (Score:4, Interesting)
I agreed with everything you said up to this point. What about the elimination of smallpox?
What about it? [independent.co.uk]
The Internet?
I'd be more impressed if we weren't fighting over net neutrality right now. The internet is not sufficiently inherently peer to peer.
Sanitation?
In which we take dirty water from a river, clean it, shit in it, half-clean it, and put it back in the river for the next city to clean and drink and shit in and put back in the river? Not working out so well in the USA right now. More and more people are finding their tapwater unsafe to drink and having to resort to bottled water.
Prenatal genetic testing?
What? We don't even need this. Just stop preserving so many throwbacks and the genetics will improve on their own. Allowing throwbacks to breed is a massive failure of our society. I understand the slippery slope reasons why we can't regulate it, of course.
I think the crowning achievement of humanity to date has been the fact that we're not extinct. We do seem to be working on rectifying that situation by making our habitat less livable, though.
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What about it? [independent.co.uk]
That article is pure speculation. And it definitely doesn't exist in the wild at the moment.
I'd be more impressed if we weren't fighting over net neutrality right now. The internet is not sufficiently inherently peer to peer.
If you'll allow an analogy, the Library at Alexandria, if it existed at all, was no less impressive for having been burned.
In which we take dirty water from a river, clean it, shit in it, half-clean it, and put it back in the river for the next city to clean and drink and shit in and put back in the river?
Uh, no. Or at least, not entirely. Sanitation as in washing our hands before performing surgery, using septic tanks and sewers instead of dumping waste on the streets, animal control, food safety regulations, and so forth. The development of sanitation is one of the greatest achievements of medic
I could reply to a lot of this... (Score:3, Interesting)
... but I'll limit myself to this one:
[Citation needed]
Honestly, this is ridiculous. While obviously not perfect, our sanitation systems today do a pretty damn good job of prevent
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I don't think that either one really qualifies, because as you say we have so far squandered the technology of spaceflight, instead of using it to transform human society by simply moving our energy production and large-scale refining of heavy metals offworld, so that we can stop transforming our habitat into a toxic cesspool.
However, sanitation has so far primarily permitted us to have larger cities, permitting us to make larger blunders in sanitation, to the point where we have the situation I have earlie
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What I think you're getting at is natural selection isn't exactly robust among humans these days. And that I'd agree with. The multitude of things we can 'fix' and cure that previously culled many people don't anymore. When your species is dependent on strength and fortitude to survive, this indeed would be a problem.
However, sometime in the last few hundred years coinciding with medical and industrial re
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Care to define "throwback"?
Those who cannot survive without heroic medical care.
We can argue about it and I might change my mind, but that's as good a place to start as any. There are problems I can recognize immediately with this definition, but I didn't want anyone to think I meant what the AC sibling to this comment suggested. I don't recognize the concept of race as being an especially valid one.
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Hmm... Stephen Hawking might have something to say about that stance.
There are those who are extremely productive members of society that can only survive with heroic medical care. On the other hand, there are quite a few people who contribute nothing or even cause society to go backwards who are, on paper, as healthy as can be expected.
"Breeding" the problems out of society has been attempted many times. Every time it is attempted it does more harm than good by isolating a segment of society that is seen a
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I don't propose to prevent anyone from breeding, but I do propose to stop spending state money on helping them. I find asking me to support people who probably should not be breeding as absurd as asking me to support eugenics. Arguably, welfare is a system for breeding undesirables. I don't propose to eliminate it; I think the five year limit was a worthy type of reform.
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300,000 pieces, all built by the cheapest bidder.
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Astronaut: "That wiring is pretty bad."
Flight Controller: "I can't say anything about it or I'll lose my job".
After that disaster there was a period of very good management focusing on ability instead of political connections, but then it crept back in years later, another disaster, now creeping back in again.
NASA is pretty well a global organisation anyway. Some of my education is Australia was paid for by NASA simply because I went to classes in the same bu
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Sounds like Microsoft and Google...ok nevermind.
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Dianetics... WTF? (Score:5, Funny)
He is leaving NASA to become a scientologist? This is a sad loss for science.
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http://www.dynetics.com/ [dynetics.com]
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No, no, no -- Its all the sweet foods (the freeze dried ice cream and such) in the NASA cafeteria. It's playing hell with his blood sugar.
Re:Dianetics... WTF? (Score:4, Funny)
He is leaving NASA to become a scientologist? This is a sad loss for science.
Don't blame him. He had to switch private sector. He couldn't use public funds to build a battle cruiser to exact revenge upon Lord Xenu!!!
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Dianetics junior much better than Krishna. Dianetics junior much better, indeed.
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Did you hear that giant woooosh sound when it went over your head?
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nope his escape rocket didn't have enough oomph to get out of the fiery debris field.
One Person is not a Program (Score:5, Insightful)
Why would the departure of Steve Cook raise doubts about the future of an entire program? If that is the case, then NASA really needs to work on hiring and/or training more Program Managers.
Re:One Person is not a Program (Score:4, Insightful)
The summary of the article mentioned that his previous work included overseeing a discredited study, and until now he had been overseeing a program that seems to not be doing terribly well.
This departure would seem a net positive.
Unless, of course, Timothy and fleaplus have led me astray with that summary of Steve Cook's nineteen years at NASA.
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"He was also responsible for the X-33;"
Yes, whatever did happen to that critter [wikipedia.org]?
For that matter, whatever happened to Ronald Reagan's Orient Express [wikipedia.org]?
Why has NASA spent most of the last 30 years building advanced hypersonic test vehicles which never quite seem to make it into civilian production? Are they doing test work for USAF black planes? I mean well of course they are, but might there be some kind of underlying plan they're not talking about? It's interesting to me how hypersonics [wslfweb.org] seems to be one of th
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Discredited by a bunch of nobodies.
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One person is not a program?
Tell that to Robert H. Goddard, Werner von Braun, and Freeman Dyson.
How about less emphasis on "managers" of "programs" and more emphasis on "visionaries" leading "engineers". (grumble, grumble, as cool as it is, we're building the wrong spacecraft-named-Orion, get off my lawn...)
Re:One Person is not a Program (Score:5, Insightful)
Here's the problem - good program managers come from good engineers. And NASA has very, very few engineers anymore. They've got principal investigators (scientists) and contract managers. Most anybody who was left at the end of the 70s was fired by Reagan and the jobs subbed out to contractors. That way they could manage cash flow by simply increasing or decreasing manpower by manipulating the contract. Which sounds great if you're a business major, and is just death for any sort of continuity and corporate knowledge. The best and brightest go on to find steady work, the good stay around, and the dregs come on and off jobs as the contract tide rises and falls. Which, by the way, happens very little. With the contractor employees being so entwined with the remaining personnel, there's pressure to find work for everyone when the money gets tight. That's just human nature - but it foils the MBA's plans to save money, and it prevents NASA from having the in-house expertise (since it was all farmed out).
[citation needed] (Score:2)
Most anybody who was left at the end of the 70s was fired by Reagan
Got a citation for that? Reagan's administration began in 1981 and according to this wiki article [wikipedia.org], NASA's budget for that year was $11.2 billion, and steadily increased (in real dollars, adjusted for inflation - these are real increases) except for one year, 1985. There was a one-time spike in the budget in 1987 when they got extra money to replace Challenger.
I haven't heard that Reagan fired engineers, and I'd love to see your source
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I worked there (NASA). No engineers were hired (actually, simply "very few"). The budget increased because we did more stuff, and we paid more accountants and contract staff to administer outside contractors who paid higher wages (with lower benefits, generally, I must add) and added profit on top of it all.
I don't have a cite, but if you look at the civil service: contractor ratio you'll see the shift. Hell, JPL is only contract administrators - there are effectively no working civil service engineers doi
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Either that or he got a good job offer.
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Either that or he got a good job offer.
Which he apparently has. What government contractor wouldn't jump at the chance to hire a guy with a track record of failed projects and yet who seemed to survive and prosper despite that? Clearly he knew how to "get along" in the system and cultivate important friendships. That's an invaluable skill for a government contractor.
Re:One Person is not a Program (Score:4, Insightful)
Sorry, I don't think feeding the giant bureaucracy that NASA has become will get the results we want. Here's my manned space program:
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Sorry, I don't think feeding the giant bureaucracy that NASA has become will get the results we want. Here's my manned space program:
1. Take the money NASA gets for manned space and give it to Burt Rutan.
2. Tell Burt to get people into orbit and to the Moon.
3. Stand back.
Burt's company is Scaled Composites . I don't think I would trust a
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Darn, screwed up the blockquotes.
Corrected:
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I would trust composites. Sure it will take some engineering to make it work, but you'd have to engineer metallic structures, too. FWIW, I develop advanced sensors and structural health systems at MSFC.
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And how, exactly, does giving the money to someone with zero relevant experience accomplish anything? No offense to Burt, who is brilliant in his field, but you'd accomplish roughly as much by handing the money to some random person off the street.
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Why would the departure of Steve Cook raise doubts about the future of an entire program? If that is the case, then NASA really needs to work on hiring and/or training more Program Managers.
He talked to the Augustine panel and decided to ring up a buddy for a job believing the program is not long for this world...
Constant Program Failure (Score:2)
That is why the shuttle was not re-furbished and failing components, like the booster tank foam re-designed so it didnt fall off.
The shuttle should be re-ferbed, and more built if needed, see the F15 aircraft programs. Commercial competition should be embraced not excluded and rational
Rocket scientist going to work for scientolistst (Score:1, Interesting)
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Regardless of the reason for construction, a vehicle capable of interstellar travel is an impressive feat of engineering.
Good news? (Score:5, Funny)
So, has he done anything good lately? Either the summary is very unfair to the guy or this Dynetics thing is doomed.
Re:Good news? (Score:5, Interesting)
So, has he done anything good lately? Either the summary is very unfair to the guy or this Dynetics thing is doomed.
Before making my submission I honestly tried to find examples of things which were even marginally successful, but could only find examples of management failures (X-33, X-34, Delta Clipper, ISS Propulsion Module). The only positive result I can find is that he had some pretty cool CGI videos made of his project designs, which apparently helped a lot with making sure that they got money for as long as they did.
Seriously, if anybody has examples of anything good Steve Cook did during his 19 years at NASA, please post them.
Re:Good news? (Score:4, Informative)
Before making my submission I honestly tried to find examples of things which were even marginally successful, but could only find examples of management failures (X-33, X-34, Delta Clipper, ISS Propulsion Module).
I should add that this can potentially be attributed to big launch/propulsion projects in general at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (or at least those from the past 30 years). It's kind of tricky to separate the two though, since Steve Cook seems to have been manager for most of those projects. There were some failed launch projects though at MSFC which Steve Cook didn't manage, such as the ASRM, National Launch System, and Orbital Space Plane. No MSFC successes I've been able to find, though.
So... it's an open question if the management failures were due to Steve Cook, NASA MSFC, or NASA in general.
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Seriously, if anybody has examples of anything good Steve Cook did during his 19 years at NASA, please post them.
If anybody has examples of anything good NASA did for manned spaceflight during the previous 19 years, please post them.
Of course NASA has sponsored plenty of worthwhile projects in the last 20 years, but all of them I can think of have been for unmanned spaceflight (Hubble, Mars Surveyor, etc.) Why should we be surprised when the program manager for NASA's seemingly perpetually delayed next-generation manned spaceflight program bails out? When the press description for the most recent Discovery shuttle lau
Hubble is manned spaceflight (Score:2)
robots to repair Hubble (Score:2)
The argument that you meant to posit is that it might have been cheaper to build 4 generations of Hubble telescopes and launch them, than it was to remodel one telescope in orbit. (This argument doesn't get you laughed out of the room.)
perhaps not the news you're looking for (Score:2)
Track record; case study in bad/corrupt management (Score:5, Interesting)
This wasn't in the summary, but it's also worth noting that in his 19 years at NASA, Steve Cook was also manager of the failed X-33, X-34, and Delta Clipper (after it was transferred to NASA). I'm trying to find validation, but I think he was also manager for the failed ISS Propulsion Module project as well.
In fact, I've been earnestly looking, and I can't find a single example of a project he managed which didn't end overbudget and in utter failure. The only possible exception I can think of is the Delta Clipper, which actually started under somebody else's management, experienced some success, and was killed off so NASA could focus on the X-33 (also managed by Steve Cook).
The following post by a (now-former) NASA engineer does a great job of summarizing what Steve Cook was like as a manager, although Deger blames it more on NASA management culture than Steve Cook himself:
http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=18523.msg467693#msg467693 [nasaspaceflight.com]
My cut is: the story was "The stick is safe in every way". This made the program not look at problems with the stick that could have been taken care of with some careful engineering design work. Thrust Oscillation, Vibro-acoustics, and SRB disposal all have engineering design solutions, but the party line up front was "none of these are a problem". Any engineer that attempted to fix these problems was removed from the program and made into what the Japanese call a window watcher. I was one of them for trying to get the program to realize the stack was going to be not healthy after an abort and this fact needed to taken care of. I even had a simple design solution to the problem, to take care of it.
I have heard many people that tried to fix TO [thrust oscillation] were removed. I bet the same happened to the first people that recognize vibro-acoustic were an issue that need to be dealt with.
I am in the process of doing my best to design solutions to these problems. It may not be possible because there is no performance margin left.
And to this day, the requirements have not still not been defined.
Danny Deger
Edit: And none of this was caused by Mr. Cook. He did his job exactly as he was trained to do by NASA.
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Re:Track record; case study in bad/corrupt managem (Score:5, Interesting)
Flea, normally, we see eye to eye and agree on most everything, but you are dead wrong here. The X-33, 34, and Delta Clipper deaths can be blamed on Congress and Bush.
Do you have any references for your claims? I'm not suggesting you're wrong of course, I'd just like to read up more on it. From what I've read, the X-33 seems to have failed largely due to the requirement of having to test many high-risk technologies in a single prototype, instead of validating the technologies individually. With the X-34, Wikipedia sez, "when the first flight vehicle was near completion, the programme died after NASA demanded sizable design changes without providing any new funding, and the contractor, Orbital Sciences, refused." The Delta Clipper I thought was progressing along nicely, although its minuscule budget was cancelled in favor of the X-33.
To blame Mr. Cook for having been on these projects is dead wrong. He did excellent work, but was in the wrong place at the wrong times.
This is actually something I've been trying to get better clarification on, without much luck: How much of the blame for NASA's failed attempts at developing new launch vehicles should be placed on Steve Cook, versus NASA MSFC, NASA in general, the executive branch, or Congress. If anybody has additional insights regarding this question, I'd love to hear.
Re:Track record; case study in bad/corrupt managem (Score:4, Interesting)
Your words on "having to test many high-risk technologies in a single prototype, instead of validating the technologies individually" are true. That is very similar to what is happening with the joint NASA/NOAA/DoD program, The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System [noaa.gov] (NPOESS).
NPOESS' gigantic cost overruns are mainly from an experimental imager named VIIRS [noaa.gov] being placed onto the constellation. The type of contract used for the acquisition doesn't help either..
The X-33 Story has Many Storytellers (Score:2)
excellent X-33 overview [fas.org]
X-33 Ventur [nasaspaceflight.com]
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From the article you linked: "However, this was no surprise to those working on the program, with new information now showing that engineers and designers had protested at the very moment they were informed of a management decision to build a composite LH2 tank."
Do you have any idea if (X-33 manager) Scott Cook was the one who made that poor management decision, was merely a supporter of it, or if he fought it?
X-33 killed by Bush administration (Score:2)
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While Bush-bashing is always fun, it should be pointed out that only Congress can fund things in the US Government.
Specifically, all spending has to originate with the House of Representatives, though actual practice frequently has both Houses creating spending bills in parallel, then working out disagreements later.
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Danny Deger is a dipshit. He has tried since entering NASA to get into design work but he simply isn't qualified.. that's why he's an astronaut trainer. Rather than go get the qualifications, he makes waves.. and shitty books.
Basically, if it appears on NASA Watch, it's bullshit, ignore it.
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I was about to say the same thing - Danny Deger is always 110% right but completely unappreciated by his bosses. Or so his story goes, in reality, he's an complete loon. After he was scoffed at on the sci.space.* newsgroups, I'm unsurprised to find him in bed with Kieth Cowing. (Another complete loon.)
Steve Cook as an example? (Score:2, Insightful)
-Todd
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You've obviously never worked in Corporate America... Pretty standard stuff, do a good job, never get promoted. Screw up royally, be made an executive.
Thank God (Score:4, Insightful)
Steve Cook has done more to damange the US space program than any foreign enemy government could hope for. Now that he's gone, maybe things can start to get back on track. He will /not/ be missed.
Hmm... (Score:2)
One might suspect that his departure would raise hopes and not doubts. Consider that if he was project manager of a project that experienced bad management results, maybe it was about damn time the helm was given to someone else.
Not a surprise (Score:4, Informative)
We've already had the bad news - moon and mars are utterly unattainable with the current budget. Everyone's said it over the last few weeks, and I just heard it reiterated again in a dinner talk by Charles Kennel, who used to be a NASA associate administrator and is now on the Augustine Commission. So if you're Cook, you know your baby got knifed. No harm in bailing.
Kennel said he thinks it's time we suck it up and treat our international partners like actual partners, including depending on them for launch capability when we need to (after all, we already depended on Russia for a few years after Columbia) - and for really big projects like moon or mars, not go it alone when there's really nothing to gain by doing so.
Have I got this right? (Score:3, Insightful)
So the guy leaves a couple of turds on the rug at NASA, then slinks out the back door to work for a private company. And people think corporations do a better job of running things than the government?
NASA probably didn't know any better when they hired him. What's Dynetics' excuse?
(De)Face The Facts (Score:4, Insightful)
The Huntsville Times (of all places) gets the story half right and half sensationalistic speculation based on ignoring the rest of the facts, and in posting it here the summary turns to 25/75, prompting shadow tippers to pretend they know enough to continue the line of assumed criticisms and innuendos.
Cook has been on this project since it began, working his way up and filling bigger shoes capably, including those of his previous supervisor. Now he's leaving with the blessings of NASA to rejoin his previous supervisor, working for a contractor specializing in space craft test telemetry and analysis, including that of (The Rocket Boys' "Miss Riley"? no. My Shiny Metal Ass? no. Wait for it...) Ares.
Cook is not leaving the project, he's only leaving federal employment. That's not necessarily true, he may be tasked with other work, but figure the odds they'll waste his experience on something else as long as Ares is viable.
Now, my money says it's not viable and will get canceled and Cook will continue to make good money elsewhere, but at this point neither NASA nor Dynetics is betting that way, and that's how the story should have been written if it had been intended to be journalism. Had it been, it may have even been reported as such here. Of course that would never stop such dedicated and learned critics from toppling every perceived ivory tower with their Tonka Trucks of Truth as long as the facts can be safely kept outside the sandbox.
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"toppling every perceived ivory tower with their Tonka Trucks of Truth"
Best. Band name. Ever.
Amazing (Score:2)
Amazing what 24 hours and a press release can do when combined with the synthetic outrage that the 'net in general (and /. in particular) does so well at generating.
/. had even heard of Steve Cook - though given the high profile projects he's managed and they're all experts on they should have known him well... And now he's Satan incarnate.
24 hours ago, none of the soi-disant experts here on
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If its publicly funded, is it still private space travel?
Seriously- if we through 50 billion at Boeing they could build a 'private' rocket too.
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If its publicly funded, is it still private space travel?
IMHO, what's important is that it's commercial and competitive. For example, as great as they are, if you just handed Elon Musk, Robert Bigelow, or Burt Rutan a huge pile of money and gave them a monopoly over spaceflight, you'd eventually have many of the same problems. What's key is to have many companies competing against each other to provide the best spaceflight product, with NASA, academic researchers, "tourists," and private industry as the customers.
Re:Hmmmm. Private Enterprise? (Score:4, Informative)
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Look, NASA does not need to build launch vehicles. It needs CHEAP WAYS to get cargo and other vehicles into space. By having MULTIPLE companies providing launch services, we will see a fast lowering of the costs. For example, SpaceX is about to lower the costs greatly compared to the shuttle, EELV, Russia, and even China. Yet, I think that they will have a contender in about 3 years fro
Again with the offworld mining (Score:2)
I will never, as long as I live, understand the Slashdot readership's fascination with the idea of offworld mining. So here's a challenge: name something, anything, that can be mined in space and delivered to customers on earth more cost-effectively than we can just mine it on earth. Don't bother telling me that mining space minerals would be great for building stuff in space, because we don't have any reason to build stuff in space... except maybe more space mines. Hopefully the circular nature of that arg
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Any of the rare earth and a number of items that are dominantly found in china. As it is, they are already playing games with steel making minerals/elements and those are somewhat abundant, but China controls the market on them. BUT, china absolutely controls access to a number of rarer items that will likely be important to the future.
I w
BTW, (Score:2)
A draft report form Chinas Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released late last month, however, could set off the alarm bells in boardrooms around the world. [theepochtimes.com]
The report is weighing a total ban on exporting rare earth metals needed to produce circuitry in consumer electronics, such as smartphones, MP3 music players, liquid crystal displays, and advanc
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Ares is supposed to help get us to Mars eventually. Get it now?
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So much for Projects Mercury and Apollo, and the Saturn and Atlas boosters, I guess. Failed due to hubris, no doubt.