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Math

Can Fractals Make Sense of the Quantum World? 236

Keith found a New Scientist story about fractals and quantum theory. The article says "Take the mathematics of fractals into account, says Palmer, and the long-standing puzzles of quantum theory may be much easier to understand. They might even dissolve away."
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Can Fractals Make Sense of the Quantum World?

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  • by fyngyrz ( 762201 ) * on Monday March 30, 2009 @08:36AM (#27387335) Homepage Journal

    So, the problem wasn't that God was playing dice with the universe, rather, it's just a nice Julia set?

    Einstein must be rolling in the dimensions of his grave. Fractionally, of course.

  • by thesandtiger ( 819476 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @08:37AM (#27387351)

    And suddenly LOGO turns out to be the programming language we need to encode the formula for everything.

    Go, little turtle, go!

  • Poppycock (Score:4, Insightful)

    by the eric conspiracy ( 20178 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @08:41AM (#27387383)

    Using fractals as a way of viewing a problem can be useful, but it doesn't fundamentally offer any new ways to solve a problem over conventional methods.

    • Re:Poppycock (Score:5, Interesting)

      by fyngyrz ( 762201 ) * on Monday March 30, 2009 @08:50AM (#27387495) Homepage Journal

      Well, the point of the article is that if the underlying structure of the universe is fractal, then it shows why, for instance, you can measure the position or the velocity of an electron, but not both; the general idea is that instead of a linear reality, the universe exists along a fractal edge, and answers derived using current quantum methods are literally falling off the edge because they're not finely enough resolved - they don't take the foaminess of the edge into account, so they miss the answer and land in a space that literally isn't part of the real universe - they're undefined. This is an illuminating and interesting idea, and it may point directly to how we could measure both at the same time, which would make a lot more sense to some of us. Me included.

      He's not incorporated all of quantum theory into his fractal idea, so this is far from certain, but it is a lovely idea.

      • All it really means. (Score:5, Interesting)

        by tjstork ( 137384 ) <todd.bandrowskyNO@SPAMgmail.com> on Monday March 30, 2009 @08:57AM (#27387561) Homepage Journal
        Fractals are basically the incorporation of decisions into iteratively applied functions of some kind. Physics normally uses mathematics of varying degrees of curves and shapes and spaces to describe things and these functions are continuous to a degree, and so its pretty reasonable to think that such descriptions could be imprecise. Math tends to see "switch and loop and jump" statements as inelegant and those are the essence of fractals.
        • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

          by Anonymous Coward

          Uh? Some fractals are the infinite sum of a bunch of cosines. No "switch and loop and jump" statements -- just a plain sum of continuous functions. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass_function

        • by eh2o ( 471262 )

          Fractals, being objects with a well defined fractal dimension, are not required to be iteratively defined or discontinuous, they just have to satisfy the limit formula for fractal dimension. Brownian motion, for example.

        • How come the formal definition of the Mandelbrot set [wikipedia.org] lacks those switch-loop-and-jump statements?

          • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

            by tepples ( 727027 )

            How come the formal definition of the Mandelbrot set lacks those switch-loop-and-jump statements?

            Loop: iterate z := z * z + c. Switch: Is abs(z) > 2?

            • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

              by daver00 ( 1336845 )

              Geez guys who would have thought a bunch of nerds would be so bad at this. Looping != inelegant intervention or whatever you called it. The mandelbrot set is simply recursively defined.

              ie:
              f1(z)=C restricted to the domain 0 less than C less than 2 in complex (goddamn /. dont like the html or symbols)
              then fn=fn-1^2+C or fn=fn-1^2+f1 if you like, for all n greater than 1.
              ie:
              f = f(f(f(f(f(f(f(f(f(f(f(...)))))))))))) tending to infinity.
              Then the set is defined in the exact same way you define any set:
              M={C in Com

      • Re: Poppycock (Score:5, Insightful)

        by Black Parrot ( 19622 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @08:59AM (#27387603)

        This is an illuminating and interesting idea, and it may point directly to how we could measure both at the same time, which would make a lot more sense to some of us. Me included.

        Whence the presumption that "makes sense" is a relevant criterion for evaluating hypotheses?

        Our brains didn't evolve to operate on scales where quantum or cosmological phenomena are relevant. There's not the slightest reason to suppose that such phenomena, or their explanations, would "make sense" to us.

        • Re: (Score:2, Insightful)

          by Anonymous Coward
          And here i thought that the origins of calculus and physics were an attempt to explain the universe in a way that "makes sense". By your logic, we didn't evolve to work on interstellar or interplanetary scales, and because the mechanics of orbital momentum and gravity on a planetary scale didn't "make sense", Newton invented calculus after proving the orbital shape of planets using geometry.

          Your opinion is just as bad as those of the creationists in that if we can't comprehend it now, then we aren't meant
          • Re: Poppycock (Score:4, Insightful)

            by cjfs ( 1253208 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @01:58PM (#27391951) Homepage Journal

            Your opinion is just as bad as those of the creationists in that if we can't comprehend it now, then we aren't meant to comprehend it.

            I think he's referring to the feeling that we need to break things down into traditional categories (think wave vs particle) for them to "make sense" on an intuitive level. This is very different than never being able to comprehend them.

        • Re: Poppycock (Score:5, Insightful)

          by GauteL ( 29207 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @10:30AM (#27388881)

          There's not the slightest reason to suppose that such phenomena, or their explanations, would "make sense" to us.

          If we were always to accept that a solution would never make sense to us, we would have missed out on a lot of our scientific discoveries.

          Also, "reason to suppose" is not the only argument for investigating an issue. Sometimes "because it would be great if it was so" is an equally good reason.

          In this case, it would be fantastic if there is an explanation behind it that makes sense to us. It would make the theories immeasurably easier to work with and might provide us with answers we could otherwise not comprehend.

          Since it turns out that we have found many answers that "makes sense" to us in other areas of science, it is perfectly reasonable to hope that we can make sense of quantum mechanics one day as well, as long as we don't take for granted that there is a sensible explanation and mistake 'hope' for 'assumption'.

        • Re: Poppycock (Score:4, Insightful)

          by greg_barton ( 5551 ) * <greg_barton&yahoo,com> on Monday March 30, 2009 @11:09AM (#27389513) Homepage Journal

          Our brains didn't evolve to operate on scales where quantum or cosmological phenomena are relevant.

          Our brains didn't evolve in the sky, and yet we make machines that fly, and it sure "makes sense" to a whole lot of people.

      • IANAPP, but being unable to measure the velocity and position of anything seems logical. You can't measure velocity without witnessing a change of position, and you can't measure position while an object is in motion.

        Maybe in this wonderful world of Quantum Mechanics logic doesn't apply in the same way, but hey, being able to measure both makes no sense to me whatsoever.

        Please don't make me bring out the cars...
        • Actually, the uncertainty principle comes from the pure mathematics of Fourier transforms, and applies to all kinds of waves. For example, the kick of a drum is well defined in time, and contains a wide range of frequencies. An ideal sine wave, on the other hand, has only one frequency, and extends infinitely in time.

          It just happens in QM that the momentum of a particle is defined by its wavelength. A narrow range of wavelengths corresponds to a wide range of positions, and vice versa. There are other pa

        • by dna_(c)(tm)(r) ( 618003 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @10:49AM (#27389153)

          "Your honnor, officer Speedtrap can't know I was there and driving too fast. I would like to call Mr. Heisenberg as a witness for the defense."

        • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

          by Timmmm ( 636430 )

          You're confusing the uncertainty principle with the observer effect.

          It isn't possible to know the position and velocity of a particle exactly, *even in theory*. I.e. if you could know everything about the particle magically without doing any measurements then you still wouldn't be able to write down its exact position and velocity. In that sense the uncertainty principle is badly named - there isn't really any uncertainty involved.

          It's just that velocity and position are macro quantities that don't make muc

      • by Goffee71 ( 628501 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @09:01AM (#27387625) Homepage
        And it'll help sell tee-shirts. Lets face it. those old quantum "I heart strange entanglement" tees were really lame!
      • Or he could use quantum theory to explain fractals to me, didn't quite get it when John Gleick wrote about chaos in the late 80's

        Anyway, want credits for the word 'Quantals' and now I'm off to RTFA.

      • by hitmark ( 640295 )

        two options:

        1. we have finally figured out the beginning of a heisenberg compensator (go go transport booth)

        2. you need to get of the catnip for a while, the fractals are making sense.

      • slight correction - we wouldn't be able to measure both at the same time; Palmer suggests that one of the two measurement events itself (either position or velocity) is not part of the real universe. IOW, only one measurement, the one we actually do, is part of the invariant set that makes up the real universe. The other measurement must remain forever hypothetical - it could never have really taken place.

        • by fyngyrz ( 762201 ) *

          Palmer suggests that one of the two measurement events itself (either position or velocity) is not part of the real universe.

          I don't read the article that way at all. The article says (emphasis mine):

          According to Palmer's hypothesis, the invariant set contains all the physically realistic states of the universe. So any state that isn't part of the invariant set cannot physically exist. Suppose you perform the Kochen-Specker thought experiment and measure the position of an electron. Then you ask what

      • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

        by pnewhook ( 788591 )

        This is an illuminating and interesting idea, and it may point directly to how we could measure both at the same time, which would make a lot more sense to some of us. Me included.

        I'm good with not being able to directly determine position and velocity simultaneously. The part I have problems with is the position and velocity uncertainty also applies to nothingness. The more sure you are that an area of space contains no particles, the more uncertain you are how fast they are going.

      • If you're going to go off into weird and murky models of existence the holographic model probably makes more sense and seems to interface even better with QM. On the other hand, maybe consensus reality really is the best model; it often seems like you can describe the universe any way you want to :P

      • by ceoyoyo ( 59147 )

        That's not the way I read it.

        From the description in the article (always dangerous) I got the impression it was kind of a cop out.

        You do the position or velocity measurement experiment. You choose to measure position and get a result. Then you ask, what if I'd measured velocity instead? From the article it sounds like the explanation is that the universe in which you measured velocity is not a member of the fractal set so that universe cannot exist, so the "what if" is a meaningless question.

        Under that i

      • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

        by Warbothong ( 905464 )

        Well, the point of the article is that if the underlying structure of the universe is fractal, then it shows why, for instance, you can measure the position or the velocity of an electron, but not both ... This is an illuminating and interesting idea, and it may point directly to how we could measure both at the same time, which would make a lot more sense to some of us. Me included.

        IMHO thinking of the position, velocity, energy and lifetime of particles is a hard way to go about things in and of itself. Whilst it's a correct interpretation of quantum mechanics, it's also just as correct to think of everything as waves, which I find easier.

        Thinking in this way an electron is simply a wave, as is a photon, and so on. Multi-particle systems are just combinations of these waves added together, and Fourier analysis shows that even these individual waves are just a combination of simple si

  • by Doc Ruby ( 173196 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @08:57AM (#27387573) Homepage Journal

    An old Canadian friend's brother turned out to be a mathematical physicist working at a Canadian university researching fractal spacetime. Garnet Ord's work [google.com] supposedly reconciles the notoriously conflicting relativity and quantum mechanical models of spacetime. It seems that the time axis used to be treated as an integer variable, when in fact it's a fractional dimension: a fractal.

    I'd say that making relativity and QM interoperate is a good way to "make sense of the quantum world".

    • I did not read the article and I do not know much about Quantum Physics, but I know a thing or two about Hausdorff dimension [wikipedia.org]. While it is an intriguing idea, I really doubt that it is instrumental to "making sense", unless by that they mean an explanation that only graduate students in Topology can understand.
      • Indeed, I do mean that Ord's work (and work like it) will make sense to only advanced mathematicians. But those people have crossed the border from order in the universe to sense in a human mind. Those people can influence scientists and engineers, who in turn inspire artists, which is when most people get a chance to see it make sense. Between art and products (and the very fuzzy boundary between them), eventually our culture encodes that sense. The math is the watershed, and we might already be across it.

        • I agree :) Art is a great way to propagate complex ideas. After reading your reply I looked at a print I have on my wall [wikipedia.org], and thought that if I wanted to explain to a layperson what we do with foundations of mathematics, I could as well start by showing a picture.
  • WRONG (Score:5, Funny)

    by ChienAndalu ( 1293930 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @08:58AM (#27387579)

    again EVIL people deny that only TIME CUBE can make sense of the world

    • Re: (Score:2, Funny)

      Give him a break, he was obviously educated stupid.
    • Re: (Score:2, Interesting)

      by Culture20 ( 968837 )
      How could you discuss TIME CUBE without a link? Didn't you read the page recently? "Without Financial Support, I May Shut Down." TIME CUBE needs your support now more than ever!
      http://www.timecube.com/ [timecube.com] *

      * I take no responsibility for your sanity if you click the above link.
  • by BigHungryJoe ( 737554 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @09:01AM (#27387623) Homepage

    If, as the article suggests, Palmer's theory eventually does away the need for multiple universes, then incalculable damage has been done to the world of science fiction. What fun is it if there isn't a world where the Nazi's won WW2? What's there in that for anyone?

  • So if I understand this correctly, Palmer is saying that the universe has a finite amount of information variables and at some certain point it will reach that limit? And that every time we try a thought experiment to measure either the position or a velocity of a particle, we risk overstepping that finite limit and thus get results where we can only measure one or the other because to do both sets us beyond the limit? So then can it be inferred that he's saying the universe has a limit then?
    • by Black Parrot ( 19622 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @09:12AM (#27387761)

      Maybe quantum phenomena appear to be random because the universe's stack has collided with its heap, and all the variables this far down into the recursion are full of garbage.

      Mmmmm.... nerd theology. Some hero will come along and separate the stack from the heap with his sword, and the universe will begin anew.

      • Duh, the universe is written in Lisp, dude. Did you ever hear of tail recursion optimization techniques? :)
      • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

        by Locke2005 ( 849178 )
        I know you're joking, but can't much of the strange results of quantum theory be explained away as limitations in the resolution of a simulation? Physicists keep trying to convince me that time and space are inherently quantized; that would be ridiculous in a physical universe, but makes perfect sense in a virtual universe.
        • I feel you're on to something here: Along the lines of the parent post I put on... let's assume that fractals are correct and that Palmer's right. Would that then mean that there is a limit to the universe, in terms of using fractals to make sure we get the calculation just right to avoid 'hitting nothing' when calculating position and velocity? If so, is non-existence quantifiable? Or does the act of measuring it increase existence? My head is starting to hurt here, so I'd like to ask if someone far mor
          • The other evidence for being a simulation is the cosmic background radiation: it's fairly uniform in all directions. The accepted explanation for this is that the universe expanded at many, many times the speed of light during the big bang, and thus the radiation from the edges hasn't reached us yet. The rejected explanation is that we are at the center of the universe. But a much simpler explanation is that we are in a wrap-around universe wherein if you look far enough away, you see what's behind you. Whi
  • Wow, and I thought it was only in computer science that you could talk buzzwords like this.
  • Looks to me like this is an attempt to resolve the issue between classical and quantum physics different rules regarding "spooky-action-at-a-distance" by claiming in effect that Quantum Theory is incomplete. He's arguing that there's a deeper physics that's yet to be uncovered.

    The problem is that Bell's Thm. [wikipedia.org] tests for hidden variables - essentially "deeper physics".

    And Bell's Thm. has been verified repeatedly.

    So, either he's arguing that Bell's Theorem is taking us down a blind alley, or he's going to have to figure out someway to make both the fractal understanding and Bell's true. The article in New Scientist doesn't discuss that at all.

    • by Black Parrot ( 19622 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @09:18AM (#27387845)

      or he's going to have to figure out someway to make both the fractal understanding and Bell's true.

      Kind of like measuring position and velocity at the same time? Now he needs a fractal unifying meta-theory, I guess.

      And then a fractal unifying meta-meta-theory, and then a ...

      OK, maybe he has the right idea.

    • by FiloEleven ( 602040 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @11:24AM (#27389753)

      Bell's Theorem states:

      No physical theory of local hidden variables can ever reproduce all of the predictions of quantum mechanics.

      Personally, I don't see why people have such an issue with the existence of non-locality. David Bohm did a lot of work in this area, much of which is admittedly over my head but compelling nonetheless. Interestingly, he was drawn towards non-local hidden variables after working with plasmas, whose electrons act as a unified whole instead of individually. To my knowledge, no satisfactory explanation other than non-locality has been offered up for such behavior.

      And now I'm stepping out on a limb and will probably be torn to pieces, but it just occurred to me that at its birth, our universe was essentially a point of infinite density, or something very like it. With the knowledge of such a beginning, it seems probable to me that there would be some degree of interconnectedness and therefore non-locality should not be written off so quickly.

      • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

        by radtea ( 464814 )

        Personally, I don't see why people have such an issue with the existence of non-locality

        It's because of how utterly central relativity is to our understanding of the universe. Manifest non-locality would be phenomenologically equivalent to a violation of the law of non-contradiction, or equivalently the law of causality. All the time-travel, grandfather-paradox stuff would become real problems for physics and nobody has the least idea of how to deal with them.

        This doesn't mean that nonlocality is impossib

        • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

          by FiloEleven ( 602040 )

          This doesn't mean that nonlocality is impossible, but it does mean it creates enormous practical problems for physics that no one knows how to approach, much less solve.

          Forgive me for such a glib remark, but it's a shame that we're so afraid of entering new territory nowadays. It seems to me that the way things have worked historically is that each generation soaked up the knowledge of the old guard, then poked holes in the existing theories that revealed vast new lands to explore.

          Indeed, this appears to be what Bohm did to the work of Einstein and Bohr with his willingness to explore non-locality, but the rest of his colleagues for whatever reason were unwilling to join

    • Comment removed based on user account deletion
    • Re: (Score:2, Interesting)

      by Anonymous Coward

      It circumvents Bell's inequality in one of the already known ways.

      There are a couple of ways out neither of which are appealing at first glance

      -Non-local interaction (against special relativity)
      -Super determinism (the experimenter is not free to setup his experiment as he sees fit)

      This particular model falls in the later category. We cannot reason about a experiment asking what would have happened if I measured the other complementary thing. That particular history is not a valid configuration (falls outsid

    • Bell's theory states that either the universe is non-local or quantum theory is incorrect. Palmer argues that quantum theory is incorrect in so far that the measurements it makes fall outside of the possible states of the universe and are therefore invalid.

  • by epr ( 826666 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @09:30AM (#27388009)
    Since I couldn't bother with RTFA, I'm gonna go with a definite maybe.
  • by gmuslera ( 3436 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @09:33AM (#27388051) Homepage Journal
    After applying fractal math on quantum problems you could notice something dissolving... but is your mind, not the problem.
  • The article was pretty vague handwaving. It didnt actually how any problem was solved with fractal mathematics. It could have tried to explain one example.
    • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

      >The article was pretty vague handwaving. It didnt actually how any problem was solved with fractal mathematics. It could have tried to explain one example.

      By coincidence I just looked through a text book on 'quantum chaos' today, paying attention to an example they had for the quantum mechanics of the Helium atom. (something I know something about, as a chemical physicist).

      What they did there, was model Helium semi-classically as 'colinear'; as if the two electrons and the nucleus were in a straight lin

    • Did it have any pretty pictures?

      Huh? No, of course I didn't read it, what do you take me for?

  • by ciderVisor ( 1318765 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @09:48AM (#27388257)

    No. No, they can't.

  • by ciderVisor ( 1318765 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @09:51AM (#27388315)

    Yes. Yes, they can.

  • by LagFlag ( 691908 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @10:27AM (#27388815)
    The article loses me almost immediately when it states that information is lost in a black hole. Anyone who's read Susskind's book knows that this implies all sorts of unpleasantness like the irreversibility of the the S-matrix, and so it is likely incorrect; ie, information is not lost when objects fall into a black hole. This makes sense, because to an outside observer, an object never falls into a black hole, it only approaches the event horizon without ever quite reaching it. Therefore, one would expect that information from objects falling into a black hole is written on the surface of the event horizon. This represents the highest information density possible. This is Susskind's thesis, and it was my understanding that it is becoming the accepted view. Stephen Hawking was a proponent of black-hole information loss, and Palmer was a student of Hawking (20 years ago). Therefore, it is not surprising his theory is based on rejected premises.
    • by jibster ( 223164 )
      You are spot on, this part of the story really confused me. I assume Palmer's message has gotten scrambled in the NS story. Even Hawking has been convinced that black holes cannot destroy information.
    • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

      by John Hasler ( 414242 )

      > ...to an outside observer, an object never falls into a black hole, it only approaches
      > the event horizon without ever quite reaching it.

      This implies that a black hole can never be observed to come into existence.

    • by dltaylor ( 7510 )

      I still don't understand why people cannot deal with the possibility of information loss in black holes. No, it doesn't fit with the DESIRE for a "tidy" Universe, but it also doesn't prevent the Universe from functioning (just some of our current assumptions).

      We currently work with the idea of a "quantum foam", and some experiments on the Casimir Effect support the idea. We do NOT know the position or momentum of a virtual photon, yet it appears to interact with the macroscopic universe. Thus, the Univer

  • Only vaguely related to this story but apparently, the mandelbrot shape has been found in cross-sections of magnetic field borders. I only found the reference from one page a while back though, so I can't say how true it is.

  • From TFA:

    Gravity and mathematics alone, Palmer suggests, imply that the invariant set of the universe should have a similarly intricate structure...

    "the invariant set of the universe"

    Ain't that a nifty idea?

  • by bgspence ( 155914 ) on Monday March 30, 2009 @11:42AM (#27390063)

    From the author's abstract at http://arxiv.org/abs/0812.1148 [arxiv.org]

    The Invariant Set Hypothesis: A New Geometric Framework for the Foundations of Quantum Theory and the Role Played by Gravity

    T.N.Palmer

    "Combining these, an entirely analysis is given of the standard "mysteries" of quantum theory: superposition, nonlocality, measurement, emergence of classicality, the ontology of uncertainty and so on."

    • The author accidentally a whole adjective, is this dangerous?
      "...entirely new analysis..." makes sense to me.
  • Palmer and Stephen Wolfram should talk. [wolframscience.com]

  • Fractals are great and all, but I think the article is really talking about the concepts behind non-linear dynamics systems, i.e. Chaos Theory. Which obviously the author may not be aware of?

    .

    What we are talking about is the basic concepts in Chaos: self-similarity, superposition, and sensitivity to initial conditions.

    .

    The article/author is using fractals, cause they look, well, visually appealing to the typical person (it gets the point across). Heck, I can make triangles fit QM to so point (i.e. Math i

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