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Education Science

New Science Standards Approved in Florida 891

anonymous_echidna writes "Florida has voted to accept the new K-12 science curriculum standards amidst a storm of controversy around the teaching of evolution, which had up until now been the scientific concept that dare not speak its name. There was a compromise made at the last minute, which was to call evolution a 'scientific theory', rather than a fact. While some lament that the change displays the woeful ignorance of science and scientific terminology, the good news is that the new curriculum emphasizes teaching the meaning of scientific terms and the scientific method in earlier grades."
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New Science Standards Approved in Florida

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  • Florida... aye (Score:5, Informative)

    by godawful ( 84526 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @01:15PM (#22490034)
    http://youtube.com/watch?v=6PMhLupcYY4 [youtube.com]

    I saw this guy arguing why evolution shouldn't be taught and i was literally left speechless
  • by Ed Avis ( 5917 ) <ed@membled.com> on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @01:19PM (#22490104) Homepage
    Evolution is a fact. For example dinosaurs used to exist and they don't now; horses, dogs and cats have changed. This is accepted by everyone. What is in dispute is the explanation for that evolution. It could be caused by natural selection or by something else (certainly by something else in the case of the three animals mentioned). Natural selection is a scientific theory. So be careful with the terminology.
  • Re:That's fair (Score:5, Informative)

    by KublaiKhan ( 522918 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @01:29PM (#22490266) Homepage Journal
    I have a hobby where I argue with various fundamentalists, creationists, and the like in order to understand their particular points of view--using them as an evolutionary pressure for my arguments, as it were, to see which ones have an effect.

    I've noticed in my various arguments that the chief difficulty is getting them to understand the terminology behind the concepts--they simply do not have the vocabulary necessary to vocalize and understand the concepts in question.

    One of those words that is most egregiously misused is "theory"--the "common" form of the word is almost universally understood, but the "scientific" meaning of the word, even when carefully explained, becomes conflated with the common form.

    (Other difficulties I've noticed are: that those who do not accept evolutionary theory are convinced that evolution is directed towards some 'goal'; that all mutations are necessarily harmful; an ignorance of introns and other means by which genetic material can be added to a genome--one of the current arguments that crops up is the one about how you can't get more information into a genome by evolutionary means, which is, of course, utter bosh; a misunderstanding of the scientific method; the false notion that science attempts to be the Answer to Life, the Universe and Everything rather than a best-fit approximation; and the notion that scientists are trying actively to discourage religion)

    Other than teaching the proper meaning of the word 'theory'--which doesn't work very well, frankly; the meaning that they knew first tends to stick no matter how often you teach them the proper one due to recency bias--I'd perhaps recommend a slight change in terminology when speaking of hypotheses that have withstood rigorous testing. Such a change would, of course, have to be accepted by the scientific community as a whole, so it may not be practical--but it's perhaps worth giving some thought to.

    I'd almost recommend 'theorem' rather than 'theory', to leech off of the mathematician's meaning, but while that word is appealing for reasons of similarity and having the proper tone, it may not be ideal due to conflation with mathematical proofs.
  • by Dan Posluns ( 794424 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @01:32PM (#22490314) Homepage
    I don't have a problem with you believing whatever you want to believe, whether you want to take the six days as literal fact (which many creationists do) or more metaphorical (which many creationists would call you a sycophantic apologist for doing so).

    I don't care. Believe whatever you want.

    It's not about belief. It's about what's scientifically useful; what produces useful experiments and predictions for us to better understand the nature of our universe.

    In that regard, evolution is one of the most wildly successful scientific theories around. (As opposed to vehicles like Intelligent Design, which misses the point entirely and from what I've heard has yet to "reveal" anything non-trivial.)

    So you can believe what you want. And good on ya for it. But when it comes to science, we're interested in what's practical.

    Dan.
  • by drinkypoo ( 153816 ) <drink@hyperlogos.org> on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @01:34PM (#22490336) Homepage Journal

    There are quite a few "theories" that have been taken as fact, such as the concept of "races" in the single human race. Despite the fact that the idea of race is based on viable offspring interbreeding ablity some insist that varitial==race. Go figure.

    Race: "a group of persons related by common descent or heredity." Species: "Biology. the major subdivision of a genus or subgenus, regarded as the basic category of biological classification, composed of related individuals that resemble one another, are able to breed among themselves, but are not able to breed with members of another species." funwithBSD: "An individual who needs to buy a dictionary."

  • Re:That's fair (Score:2, Informative)

    by SteelAngel ( 139767 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @01:34PM (#22490338)

    Evolution is a *FACT*.
    Gravity is a *FACT*.
    No they are not. They are Scientific Theories. A theory is a statement that has been supported by evidence from repeatable experiments and can be used to make accurate predictions that can be borne out by experiment. Even though it satisfies (to an extent) both of those qualifications, Newton's Theory of Gravity is -wrong-. It is an acceptable approximation for certain local phenomena, however. Einstein's Theory of General Relativity has not yet been shown to be violated, yet it is still a theory. Do not let the abuse of a word in the vernacular color your perception of its meaning. Even if it is a predictive science, evolutionary biology is based on scientific theories, not 'facts'.
  • Re:That's fair (Score:5, Informative)

    by yali ( 209015 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @01:37PM (#22490400)

    If you don't believe in gravity being a fact, please jump off a 42 story building.

    A fact is what you have observed. A theory is an explanation of why it is so.

    In the strictest sense, the fact is that you have always (previously) observed that objects fall to the ground. But in order to link that fact to your prediction that he will fall to the ground after jumping off a building, you have to have a theory of gravity that predicts how a novel event (i.e., the grandparent poster jumping off a 42 story building) will unfold in the future.

    Put more succintly: "Objects thrown off a building have always fallen" is a statement of fact. "Objects thrown off a building will always fall" is a hypothesis derived from a theory.

  • by drinkypoo ( 153816 ) <drink@hyperlogos.org> on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @01:40PM (#22490434) Homepage Journal

    "And there was evening and there was morning, the Nth day." If you hand-wave away that phrase, then what else do you hand-wave away?

    There is no explicit statement of how long the days were.

    All the quote REALLY tells you, in fact, is that it got dark and then it got light, in between various tasks attributed to Yahweh.

  • by DaveV1.0 ( 203135 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @01:41PM (#22490462) Journal
    The meaning of the word theory when used in the context of science:

    A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena.


    Now, remember, Gravity is just a theory as well, so why don't you test it by jumping out off of a very tall building.
  • by Gordonjcp ( 186804 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @01:43PM (#22490500) Homepage
    If they're going to teach the theory of evolution, they should they should at least teach that it's more than a theory!

    Evolution *is* a theory. Perhaps they should also teach what "theory" means.
  • Re:That's fair (Score:3, Informative)

    by wile_e_wonka ( 934864 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @01:47PM (#22490568)

    A theory is a statement that has been supported by evidence from repeatable experiments and can be used to make accurate predictions that can be borne out by experiment.
    No its not--what you describe is a good theory--like evolution or general relativity. Bad theories exist as well (ones that were falsified or that just no longer make sense--like the "aether"), or even theories that I couldn't really say are good or bad (ones which remain untested, or are difficult to use in the formation of testable hypotheses--like string theory).
  • Re:That's fair (Score:4, Informative)

    by anotherone ( 132088 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @01:55PM (#22490716)
    You seem to think that calling something a "theory" is a negative thing, or suggests that it's likely false. Science doesn't really have any "laws" - Newton's laws are CALLED laws but they're really theories, like everything else. It's entirely possible that someone will come up with a better explanation of inertia next week, for instance. We're always refining our knowledge of gravity- and evolutionary theory is still young compared to gravity. To suggest that we have a 100% accurate, immutable, flawless understanding of evolution is nothing less than blind arrogance. By saying this am I suggesting that the theory of evolution is untrue? Not at all.
  • by mh1997 ( 1065630 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @02:01PM (#22490840)

    Ironically, most Christians who are literalists seems to ignore many of the dietary rules (Kosher, Parva, etc) set forth in the old testament
    It is not ignored, but they have determined that there are two types of laws in the old testament - the moral law (10 commandments) and the ceremonial law (those that you mentioned). The moral law stands for all eternity, but the ceremonial law ended when Jesus died on the cross.
  • by Comatose51 ( 687974 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @02:05PM (#22490910) Homepage
    One of the rare instances when I'm proud of my home county: they approved a stronger version of the standard on Darwin's birthday. [keynoter.com] This is the county that includes the Florida Keys.

    From the article itself:

    She said the concept of evolution is essential to understanding 21st century biology and that, in her opinion, "people who have never been taught evolution in the first place don't understand that it doesn't really undermine religion." "I'm a lifelong Methodist and I find no conflict between my spiritual life and my rational, scientific self," she said. Walker isn't alone. The Clergy Letter Project, a Butler University initiative that works to dispel the notion that religion and science are at odds, has garnered 11,183 signatures from clergy members who say teaching evolution does not undermine religion.

  • by paiute ( 550198 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @02:15PM (#22491072)
    There is a theory of Evolution just like there is a theory of Gravity, each explaining the factual phenomena for which they are named.

    Actually, there is no theory of gravity yet. There is a law of gravity. There are hypotheses about how gravity exists or is propagated. None of these hypotheses have sufficient observations in their favor to promote one to the rank of theory.

  • by Empiric ( 675968 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @02:29PM (#22491300)
    And both are fully, and permanently, open to revision by counterexample. That's the nature of a theory, and what admits the process of science into the term "theory".

    Unless, of course, you'd like to claim omniscience and assert no such phenomena will ever be discovered.
  • by Joey Vegetables ( 686525 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @02:31PM (#22491326) Journal

    Speaking as a Bible-believing Christian (or at least aspiring Christian), who accepts creation and natural selection but neither macroevolution nor "intelligent design" (in all cases, based on my understanding of the evidence):

    You don't hand-wave away any part of Scripture, if you consider it to be the revealed word of God. But you do try to understand it as best you can, taking into account that it was given in what probably is not your native language.

    And unlike the Greek of the New Testament, the Hebrew of the Old Testament, including Genesis, is highly metaphorical and descriptive. Translating into English implies a degree of precision that is simply not there in the original. You get the opposite problem in the NT: Greek is far more precise than English and many Greek concepts cannot be expressed easily in English. In either case you must avoid forcing English language concepts into the original languages. If you can do a word study using Strong's, or better yet learn a little bit of biblical Hebrew and Greek, that helps a lot; or you can consult any of hundreds of commentaries written by people fluent in both.

    I just don't see it as being that big a deal whether a day in Genesis meant a literal, 24 hour day or not. I personally rather doubt it, but I could be wrong.

    I do consider it significant that Jesus referred to Adam and Eve as literal persons, and that people (but not animals or other life, at least insofar as recorded in Scripture) are said to be created in God's image. One's position on the validity of evolution does not change either of these.

  • by mhall119 ( 1035984 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @02:37PM (#22491408) Homepage Journal

    Regardless, evolution is still just a theory.
    You realize that you basically just said "Regardless of the fact that evolution is an observed phenomena, it is still just a theory". I just want to make sure.

    It's a good theory based on solid observed evidence, but without being able to see the process in nature, it is difficult to justify calling it scientific fact.
    Yes, that would definitely be true, except that we are able to see the process in nature, that makes it rather easy to justify calling it a scientific fact.

    We have been able to quantify gravity; modeling it and testing those models. We can not quite yet say the same for Evolution.
    But at least evolution knows the mechanism that drives it, DNA is not a hypothetical particle like the graviton, we know it exists.
  • by mhall119 ( 1035984 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @02:42PM (#22491494) Homepage Journal

    Actually, there is no theory of gravity yet.
    Actually there are many theories of gravity. To the best of my knowledge, there is the relativistic theory, a classical quantum mechanical theory, many variations of string theory, and several others like loop quantum gravity. The problem is that there isn't any one theory that can explain the all of the same phenomena.

    These all differ from hypotheses because they are more than just a prediction of the outcome of a test, but an explanation for why we should expect that outcome.
  • by IdahoEv ( 195056 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @03:35PM (#22492358) Homepage
    Theory means more than one thing, and even a lot of scientists can't elucidate the difference.

    Def 1: "hunch" "guess" or "hypothesis". This is the sense that creationists mean when they say "evolution is just a theory". It's not technically correct to use theory this way in science, but people (even scientists) do all the time when speaking colloquially. ("If my theory is correct...") This is a problem - scientists should be careful not to speak this way, and when they do, they muddy the waters and make openings for the creationists.

    Def 2: A model that explains all the known facts and has survived at least some testing. "The theory of evolution" and "the theory of special relativity", as phrases, mean this kind of theory. Unfortunately, theories of this definition vary quite a bit in their level of confidence and/or the amount of testing they have undergone.

    Def 3: A set of principles, assumptions, and a body of work underlying a certain field. What exists when a def 2 theory has been confirmed so well and so long that it is assumed as true and used as the base principles for an entire field of scientific endeavor. Examples: "Evolutionary theory" is the understanding of DNA, mutation, genetics, heritability, natural selection and evolutionary descent that gives the inseparable background for all of biology. "Atomic theory" is the understanding of atom structure, valence electron, orbitals, quantum states, and bonds that underlies all of chemistry.

    Science is a century past def. 2 "the theory of evolution" and long since completely employing def. 3 "evolutionary theory".

    The key thing about a Type 3 theory is that it is so key to its field that it has become inseparable. Trying to understand contemporary research in biology while "rejecting evolution" is 100% as stupid as trying to understand chemistry while "rejecting the atom".

    Atomic and Evolutionary theory are quite parallel: both arose as type 2 theories in the 19th century, replacing prior assumptions held by most knowledgeable people (special creation and infinitely divisible matter), and through decades of continuously accumulated support and evidence became essentially irrefutable type 3 theories by early in the 20th century. Both actually had inklings all the way back to the ancient Greeks but didn't become coherent (def. 2) theories until missing pieces and observations were filled in by Rutherford and Darwin.

    When talking to creationists I often employ the analogy of a faith that demanded that atoms aren't real and that matter is continuously divisible because some allegorical section of their holy book could be read that way. It's easy to imagine:

    "And on the second day, The Lord took the clay he had created and divided it in two, and again to make four, and again indefinitely until he had enough lumps of clay. And he fashioned their myriads into the earth, and the stars, and the waters, and the clouds, and every living thing, and every stone, and every grain of sand."

    Suppose such a faith demanded that science classes miseducate their children with that obviously unsupportable position based on that one passage of text. That would only be conceivable to people who really don't understand the facts (if the atom isn't real, how in hell did we make the atomic bomb?), and it would be hazardous to our kids.

    To anyone who understands biology, creationism is misguided on a nearly identical level. (if evolution isn't real, why do genetic drift/mutation accumulation, genetic structure analysis, morphological structure analysis, and the fossil record *all* produce a broadly similar tree of life? Why do we find literally billions of fossils of extinct intermediate species that fit that tree? Why do we find that every structure both macroscopic and microscopic looks like an adapted version of some preexisting structure that filled a different role?)

    If God exists, He used evolution in the same way he used atoms. End of story.
  • by mhall119 ( 1035984 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @03:36PM (#22492368) Homepage Journal

    G = Einstein's Gravitational constant
    G, the gravitational constant, was discovered by Newton, not Einstein.

    The other main issue is the value of G. 6.67 * 10^-11 is an awful number that Einstein hated. This was one of reasons why he spent the entire rest of his life searching for something better in the form of a Grand Theory of Everything. Unfortunately he never found it.
    Einstein didn't hate the gravitational constant, he hated his Cosmological Constant [wikipedia.org], which he only needed because he was trying to create a static universe, which later observations proved was not the case, so it turns out he never needed it in the first place.

    This only predicts the attractive force between two bodies (m1, m2), if you try and apply it to three bodies you have to approximate two of the bodies into one. Sometimes this works well but sometimes it falls down.
    Not at all, you simply run the calculation for A-B, B-C and C-A, then the "net" force on B is "A-B + B-C". You can do this for as many bodies as you wish.
  • by mhall119 ( 1035984 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @03:50PM (#22492554) Homepage Journal

    Please, show me how fish can grow lungs to breath only air, without compromising their current breathing system
    From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoceratodus [wikipedia.org]

    This creature normally uses its gills for respiration, but is also capable of taking in oxygen from the air when water quality is poor, or there are low dissolved oxygen levels, such as when water temperatures are high during summer.
  • by bunratty ( 545641 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @04:08PM (#22492784)
    It is also a HUGE leap to go from saying that earthquakes move parts of the earth mere inches or feet at a time to saying that the continents repeatedly go around the globe and run into each other. However, if you consider the timescales involved and work out the math, you find that the small earthquakes build up over time to move the plates around. Similarly, genetic mutations build up over time to create limbs, wings, lungs, etc. Scientists measure the amount of genetic variation between species, calculate how long the mutations would have to continue for those changes to build up, and lo and behold, the results match the fossil record quite nicely. If you have a competing scientific theory that accounts for all available evidence (i.e. genetic differences measured between animals and the fossil record), I'm sure I speak for all scientists worldwide in saying that we would all love to hear your alternative theory.
  • by mhall119 ( 1035984 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @04:13PM (#22492858) Homepage Journal

    Cool, but you still haven't proven how a fish can grow lungs without compromising it's current breathing system.
    I'm not sure what I'm missing. I gave you an example of a fish that can breath air, as well as using gills to extract free oxygen from water. I've proven to you that such an animal is possible, what more do you need?
  • by kindbud ( 90044 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @04:29PM (#22493140) Homepage
    There is no fact behind the Theory of Evolution in relation to the creation of different species.

    You are mistaken.

    It has been proven that genetic mutations exist, and that they cause illness and deformations, but not that they have the ability to create limbs, wings, lungs, etc. in perfect working order.

    You are mistaken.


    One thing that I am constantly amazed about is that people implant their own logic into Evolution; DNA does not have an agenda. It does not wake up one day and say "over the next 100 generations, I'm going to grow wings and fly!".


    No one says that, except the people who are mistaken about what evolution is, what the theory proposes, and how it is tested. People like the ones you got your mistaken information from.

    Charles Darwin wrote....

    Something, I am sure. But Charles Darwin is not the last word in evolution or natural selection, anymore than Newton is the last word on gravity. Can you at least update your criticisms to refer to science done in the 20th and 21st centuries? A lot of ground has been covered since Darwin.

    It is a HUGE leap from this to saying that "We all came from fish".

    No one says that. But fish and humans have a common ancestor, which was not a fish nor was it a human.

    It is not correct to look at fossils and assume that one came from another because they look similar.

    Of course. And no one does that.

    You have some very fuzzy and shadowy ideas about what scientists do, and how they come to the conclusions they do. I suggest you do some reading of works by scientists who do evolution, not any more reading of works by preachers debunking it with folklore and thought experiments.

  • by Epeeist ( 2682 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @04:35PM (#22493232) Homepage
    > No one has witnessed Macro-Evolution (changes from one species to another).

    Perhaps you ought to have a glance at http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/comdesc/ [talkorigins.org]

    Mind you if you come back in 10 minutes (or anything less than 2 weeks) we will know you haven't read it. Especially if you post a random link to "Answers in Genesis".
  • by internic ( 453511 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @04:37PM (#22493256)

    Actually, there is no theory of gravity yet. There is a law of gravity. There are hypotheses about how gravity exists or is propagated. None of these hypotheses have sufficient observations in their favor to promote one to the rank of theory.

    I can understand the confusion here, given the really inconsistent use of terminology (conjecture, hypothesis, theory, law) by scientists, but who the hell modded this informative??? Mods, if you don't know anything about a subject then you probably should refrain from doling out the "informative" judgment. There have been at least two successful theories of gravity and many other hypotheses with some support.

    The first was due to Newton, and it was, indeed, a theory in the modern sense. Newton postulated that the movement of celestial bodies was due to a mutual force of attraction between them and that this force existed not only between celestial bodies but all bodies and was, therefore, responsible for gravity on Earth as well. So it was an idea of how to relate many observations (of planetary motion and gravity on Earth) together, not just a summary of empirical observations. At the time many people not only didn't believe this idea but found it absurd. However, Newton's theory agreed with the empirical observations of Kepler, and the idea that all bodies have a gravitational force between them was later verified (and quantified) in the Cavendish experiment. It may be confusing that we refer to this as "Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation", but that simply reflects how scientific terminology has changed over the centuries. In today's vocabulary, this would be considered a theory of gravity.

    The second theory of gravity was Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. It was again a radical shift in our understanding of gravity. It agreed with then current observations, but it also made predictions: Two early successes were the observation by Eddington of gravitational lensing of light and the calculation of the precession of the perihelion of Mercury.

  • theory vs tautology (Score:3, Informative)

    by tgibbs ( 83782 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @05:10PM (#22493714)
    I am a scientist, and I know that in science, "theory" means any generalization or explanation that is well supported by experimental or observational evidence.

    A "tautology," of course, is a statement that logically must be true, so any valid mathematical equatioin or logical proof is a tautology. Since a scientific theory must be logical, it necessarily contains embedded within it one or more tautologies, but it goes beyond that in that its conclusions constitute predictions about the physical world that can be tested to evaluate whether or not the premises are correct.
  • by drerwk ( 695572 ) on Wednesday February 20, 2008 @06:26PM (#22494960) Homepage
    I recommend a subscription to the journal Nature, which is where I first saw such a reference.

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