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Earth United States Science

Microscopic Fibers Are Falling From the Sky In Rocky Mountains (theguardian.com) 128

An anonymous reader quotes a report from The Guardian: Plastic was the furthest thing from Gregory Wetherbee's mind when he began analyzing rainwater samples collected from the Rocky Mountains. "I guess I expected to see mostly soil and mineral particles," said the U.S. Geological Survey researcher. Instead, he found multicolored microscopic plastic fibers. The discovery, published in a recent study (pdf) titled "It is raining plastic", raises new questions about the amount of plastic waste permeating the air, water, and soil virtually everywhere on Earth. Rainwater samples collected across Colorado and analyzed under a microscope contained a rainbow of plastic fibers, as well as beads and shards. The findings shocked Wetherbee, who had been collecting the samples in order to study nitrogen pollution. "My results are purely accidental," he said, though they are consistent with another recent study that found microplastics in the Pyrenees, suggesting plastic particles could travel with the wind for hundreds, if not thousands, of kilometers. Other studies have turned up microplastics in the deepest reaches of the ocean, in UK lakes and rivers and in U.S. groundwater.
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Microscopic Fibers Are Falling From the Sky In Rocky Mountains

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  • by pgmrdlm ( 1642279 ) on Tuesday August 13, 2019 @11:49PM (#59084928) Journal
    You address polution, you also address climate change. Polution is affecting everything from the air we breath to the water we drink.

    When we can address polution, the non bio degradable products. Then we address what causes global changes. The process of producing these products also produce chemicals that affect what causes global changes.

    I think when we address what polutes the water we drink, the air that we breath. We will also be addressing what affects everything that affects us.
    • by bondsbw ( 888959 ) on Wednesday August 14, 2019 @01:25AM (#59085032)

      Why not both?

      What's so important about continuing to produce carbon dioxide that you would be willing to suggest that removing plastic from society is such a more feasible and worthwhile goal that it should supplant carbon reduction, based on the unproven hypothesis that addressing one type of pollution addresses others?

      • by bistromath007 ( 1253428 ) on Wednesday August 14, 2019 @01:36AM (#59085048)

        Because lots of people feel that the reasoning behind anthropogenic climate change is funky, and even if it isn't, the things common people are told to do about it constantly are bullshit little baby farts compared to the GHGs released by China and India not giving a fuck. On the other hand, everyone can agree that pollution is bad and we should do something about it.

        • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

          by h33t l4x0r ( 4107715 )
          US is the highest per-capita polluter, especially the red states.
          • by _merlin ( 160982 )

            Australia is worse per capita IIRC, as are some of the gulf states. It's not a good position to be in.

            • Re: (Score:2, Insightful)

              by h33t l4x0r ( 4107715 )
              I'm not counting city-states or low population areas. Between China, India and USA... USA is the biiggest polluter in terms of per-capita GHG
              • That has more to do with the fact that our population and population density are sane and more people have their own car. We're already solving that problem; lots of people are moving to hybrid and electric, and more will as there is more industry support for it. Regardless, per-capita GHGs are *not* a useful measure for climate impact, because the real problem remains the ludicrously huge industrial numbers in China and India. If you're worried about climate change more than things just being dirty and unh

              • I did not realize the climate cared about individual contributions, but rather thought it was total contributions that mattered. Such that the 2+ times more CO2 that China emits is much more of a problem than the US emissions. Unless somehow our CO2 is "stronger" than the Chinese stuff?
          • US is the highest per-capita polluter, especially the red states.

            Um, no. Large families are built in carpools, built in space sharing ...

          • How are the nations ranked? Is there a common factor among the best and worst on the list? Just how far is the USA from the next 5 or 10? Has the USA been getting worse or better on pollution over time? In other words... citation needed.

            Here's my guess what the data shows, based on what I've seen from CO2 emission data before, the USA is not in fact the worst polluter per capita but only such among the major economies. There's lots of small nations that burn oil for electricity, and have little concern

          • US is the highest per-capita polluter, especially the red states.

            You assert without proof. I claim the US isn't even in the top 10, being #11, and here's my proof: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... [wikipedia.org]

            • nice, owned

            • by Uberbah ( 647458 )

              Your "proof" is suspect when the US military, all by itself, pollutes more than 140 countries [qz.com] combined. But according to your own source, the US pollutes more than double per capita than China and India, also combined. Which makes the constant deflection to those to countries an especially pernicious line of dipshit thinking.

              • Except that per capita *still doesn't matter*. At all! The total is what matters, because the big numbers come from industry, not individuals. China is very nearly *single-handedly* spouting enough CO2 to do whatever it is you people claim it does.

                • by Uberbah ( 647458 )

                  Except that per capita *still doesn't matter*.

                  So you're arguing that the thousand people who live in the Vatican get to pollute just as much as the United States with 300+ million people, because only per nation pollution matters, because derp.

                  China is very nearly *single-handedly* spouting enough CO2 to do whatever it is you people claim it does.

                  Lets put this in terms a western exceptionalists can understand: should California be expected to limit itself to the amount of emissions produced by Rhode Island

              • But according to your own source, the US pollutes more than double per capita than China and India, also combined. Which makes the constant deflection to those to countries an especially pernicious line of dipshit thinking.

                China, as a country, leads the field in emissions. It's not 'dipshit thinking' to take a hard look there. Indeed it would be the very essence of dipshit thinking to not look there. Totals per country matter because countries are where the pollution laws can be effectively applied.

                • by Uberbah ( 647458 )

                  China, as a country, leads the field in emissions. It's not 'dipshit thinking' to take a hard look there.

                  It's the definition of dipshittery. China is the most populous nation on the planet has four times the population of the United States. That means they get to produce four times the emissions of the United States.

                  Period.

                  And much of that pollution is generated to make products purchased by Americans. Making this dipshittery squared.

          • Among the highest per capita in emissions. There's very little data out there on net emissions, and I would like to see this. There was a recent study on CO2 production in old landfills with forests sitting on top of them, and for whatever reason, the study didn't look at net CO2, only at CO2 coming out of the ground. I'm pretty sure there's a major variable involving carbon sequestration via tree growth that isn't getting accounted for. Is the US with its massive tree planting (significantly more forests
          • US is the highest per-capita polluter, especially the red states.

            Wikipedia only has data for 2013 [wikipedia.org] and older. Back in 2013, the US was the 14th worst per capita polluter of GHGs.

            Union of Concerned Scientists [ucsusa.org] has data for 2015. The US produced 15.53 metric tons of CO2 per capita; Saudi Arabia 16.85; Australia 15.83;

            Do you have access to more recent data?

          • Per capita is meaningless. The world is dying IN TOTAL.

            If this matters to you, do something to reduce your personal contribution and encourage your government to reduce your regional contribution.

            If you can demonstrate success at this, then please give your expert advice to the rest of the world... until then, stuff it.

          • US is the highest per-capita polluter, especially the red states. [citation needed]

            According to the numbers [wikipedia.org] the US is the 11th or 12th, which isn't great. Do you have any numbers comparing red states to blue states?

        • Some people think the reasoning behind the earth being round is funky, doesn't mean we should coddle them. People willing to go against the overwhelming scientific consensus also probably shouldn't be trusted to accurately represent the relative carbon output of different nations or their willingness to change. The only difference between the climate deniers and the flat earthers is that the former has a political party that is courting their vote.

          • It's like you didn't even read the rest of the post.

            The horrible evil climate deniers *still want things to be clean, healthy, and efficient.* If you don't constantly insult their intelligence, they might help with that.

            • by greythax ( 880837 ) on Wednesday August 14, 2019 @12:55PM (#59086362)

              No, they don't. You are literally talking about people who don't see a connection between how they live and what is happening in the environment. They want their yards to be clean, they want their neighborhoods to be clean, but they don't give a fuck about the cuyahoga river or a patch of water in the middle of the pacific. Want to know how I know? They have already gone out of their way to justify a pseudoscience that absolves them of any personal responsibility for what is happening. Now that it is becoming more and more apparent that the science is right, they have resorted to waving their hands in the direction of other countries to prevent them from having to make any changes at all.

              It's not about intelligence. It's a mix of fear of change and a little bit of selfishness. Some of these guys spend a lot of time coming up with partial stats to justify their theories. And you know what, that's fine, but don't kid yourself that you are going to reach someone who is going to spend their day finding alternate sources to debunk 99% of all established scientists conclusions. They don't want change. Period.

              • How do you think it got that way? Conservation of natural resources isn't a hard sell. Telling people to start eating bugs and stop flushing asswipes is. Treating people as dullards because they happen to notice that the number you claim to care about mostly consists of something they have no actual control over poisons the well. Quit it, or accept that you have created the atmosphere of hostility that makes red voters do dumb shit like rolling coal trucks.

            • It's like you didn't even read the rest of the post.

              The horrible evil climate deniers *still want things to be clean, healthy, and efficient.* If you don't constantly insult their intelligence, they might help with that.

              As a human being I want things clean, healthy, and efficient. I'm on the fence to how much climate change is actually caused by mankind vs natural events and cycles. I believe we should adopt green technologies as they become economically viable or otherwise make sense. Once electric vehicles have a range that fits my needs I'll make the switch. When I lived in Hawaii I grew a lot of my own produce to lower transportation costs and emissions. I pumped water through pipes on my lanai roof to heat it before p

      • I guess I stated that wrong. I don't consider just plastics as part of pollution. I was using the story to try and address everything that pollutes. And I do consider the byproduct of carbon in manufacturing as pollution. That was my intent anyway. I apologize.
      • Why not both?

        Because you can't do everything at once and in some cases two things are at odds and which comes first must be determined. Moreover pollution can often be tackled locally. Global warming most certainly cannot. Global warming is an excellent modern day example of tragedy of the commons.

    • > the water we drink

      Get rid of "clean water credits".

      >the air that we breath

      Get better fire management in California.

    • You address polution, you also address climate change.

      Excess CO2 is by definition pollution. So yes, let's address pollution. Thanks for your endorsement!

      • You may be trying to be sarcastic, but it really was my intent to include CO2 as pollution. I quite obviously did not word the original post properly to convey that.
        • In that case, I apologize for my jerking knee, and not doing a bit more research before commenting.

      • Excess ANYTHING is a pollutant. Too much water will destroy, just as readily as too much oxygen, too much food, or too much CO2.
  • Eden ecology: Optimal
  • BPA (Score:4, Interesting)

    by timeOday ( 582209 ) on Wednesday August 14, 2019 @12:24AM (#59084976)
    This is an actual question, not rhetorical.

    With the recent flap over BPA, is there a particular reason to think it was exceptionally bioreactive? Or are we likely to find similar levels of evidence of harm from some significant fraction of all the plastics and additives that we bother to study more closely?

    • Re:BPA (Score:5, Interesting)

      by deviated_prevert ( 1146403 ) on Wednesday August 14, 2019 @02:30AM (#59085096) Journal

      This is an actual question, not rhetorical.

      With the recent flap over BPA, is there a particular reason to think it was exceptionally bioreactive? Or are we likely to find similar levels of evidence of harm from some significant fraction of all the plastics and additives that we bother to study more closely?

      Most plastics release estrogenic like chemicals. BPA based plastics are the worst they release an analogue of estrogen that when ingested does effect the endocrine systems of organisms. In the long term we do not know what these chemicals will do. I won't live long enough to find out but I can bet that my grandchildren will. The increases in microplastics in the marine environment are well understood. The worst areas are where we dump our trash BPA containing and other plastics that we pretend to recycle offshore. We are littering the oceans of the world as fast as we dump them overboard and wash them down our sewers/rivers.

      Yes there are some legitimate installations that are recycling some of out trash but they are a drop in the bucket compared to what we either burn or dump in landfill or dump in the ocean.

      How much plastic? Quite a bit now that most Asian countries are refusing our trash or sending it back by the container load.

      The petrochemical industry could care less if the worlds oceans start to fuck up because of the millions of tonnes of microplastics being dumped there. In fact the more plastics that are dumped in the ocean the more money they make. If microplastics are starting to circulate in the atmosphere because of the natural cycles of rain then just maybe the human race will finally wake up to the damage that fossil fuels and the petrochemical industry is doing to the entire planet. But I doubt it, we still have too many billionaires involved in the petrochemical industry and unfortunately they run the world, we don't. Hell they even seem to have shills spouting pseudo scientific denial bullshit here on slashdot!

      • by Viol8 ( 599362 )

        "But I doubt it, we still have too many billionaires involved in the petrochemical industry"

        Too many OLD billionaires. They don't give a shit what happens to the planet and everything on it in 50 years time, most of them will be dead in 20 and they're too sociopathic to give a shit what happens to their kids or grandkids if they even have any.

      • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

        by MobyDisk ( 75490 )

        BPA based plastics are the worst

        Not so. [sciencemag.org]

        When you buy a plastic that says "BPA free" -- what do you think they replaced the BPA with? (pause...think about it...) Most people's natural assumption is that "BPA-free" means it's the same exact plastic, but without the BPA. But BPA serves a purpose in plastic manufacturing. So when they remove BPA from the process, they replace it with other chemicals. Notice that they don't tell you what they replace it with. The FDA doesn't require that they do.

        BPA is the most studied, and quite possibly

        • If you are buying a drinking container: JUST DON'T BUY PLASTIC. ESPECIALLY FOR CHILDREN. And BPA-FREE DOES NOT MEAN SAFE.

          So metal, then? Because you can't give 'em glass. Guess this is a vote for Klean Kanteen, which has a cap that doesn't put plastic in contact with your beverage (only a silicone O-ring, and stainless steel.) But wait, you can't use stainless with high acid beverages...

          • I drank from glass bottles as a kid. And as an added benefit, I collected the glass bottles and returned them to the store for money, which I then used to buy more cokes and candies. To my mind, it was the perfect system. Unfortunately 2 liters came around, one thing lead to another, and now you can buy 4 ounce bottle water in plastic containers.

            • When you were a kid, there was a lot more glass in glass bottles. They were a lot harder to break and they tended to break into chunks instead of exploding into zillions of tiny bits, unless you really chucked 'em at a rock or wall.

              It turned out to not be cost-effective to return bottles. Having to wash out the cigarette butts and chaw spit is a no go.

          • by skam240 ( 789197 )

            To be fair most of the beverages that are highly acidic people probably shouldn't be feeding their child very often anyways. Poking around online I'm seeing things like soda, lemonade, and a few fruit juices as the highly acidic beverages that are most commonly consumed which all happen to be very high in sugar. If you're regularly giving your kids sugary drinks like what I list above, plastic is far from their biggest long term health worry. Obesity, diabetes, and dental decay seem a bit more significant.

            T

          • Cheap stainless like 400 series alloys have lousy corrosion resistance, but 300 series have superior corrosion resistance and are fine with hot acid baths, salt water, and of course any beverage humans could drink. If you want to know if it's a higher quality stainless, use a strong magnet - the cheaper alloys are weakly magnetic while you won't be able to detect any attraction with the better alloys.
          • which has a cap that doesn't put plastic in contact with your beverage (only a silicone O-ring, and stainless steel.)

            Did I miss a brainwashing campaign?

            Firstly, you get a bonus point for spelling "silicone" correctly. A depressingly high proportion of people get it hilariously wrong.

            But .. in what way are silicones not "plastics"? They're produced from organic compounds ; many of their compositions include significant organic side chains and cross-linking branches ; they're artificial-only products (unles

        • BPA was first discovered about a century ago (long before plastics) as a drug analog to female progesterone. It reacts in the body much like this female hormone.

          BPA was replaced in most products by BPB, a second analog that's about 100x stronger in the human body as a female hormone.

          • BPA was first discovered about a century ago

            Well, you got that right. 1891.

            (long before plastics)

            Well, much stickier ground there. The first synthetic polymer product, Bakelite [wikipedia.org], was discovered in 1907 and patented in 1909. It was thermosetting not thermoplastic, but hey we can let that important distinction pass. However ... I don't know about your chemistry education at school, but my 14-16 year-old school course included the preparation of Galalith [wikipedia.org], another thermosetting polymer prepared by cross-linkin

  • I'm not getting warm fuzzies about the experimental design here. There are too few details included to actually evaluate his data, but this is the sort of study that requires robust control. It sounds like this guy was looking for one thing and when poking around, found evidence of something unexpected. I mean, what was the material of the sample collectors? How well were they cleaned? How were they stored prior to use, after cleaning? What environment was this analysis performed within, and what analytical
    • by burningcpu ( 1234256 ) on Wednesday August 14, 2019 @01:08AM (#59085012)
      I read the linked .pdf and confirmed my suspicions. This data is likely meaningless, and these people should know better. From the .pdf

      NUANC samples were collected in plastic bag-lined buckets. Sites CO84, CO94, and CO98 used standard, unlined NTN buckets. The entire volumes of each sample submitted to the NADP Central Analytical Laboratory were filtered (0.45 micrometer, polyethersulfone) to obtain particulates assumed to be washed from the atmosphere (washout). The filters were dried, weighed, and manually analyzed with a binocular microscope fitted with a digital camera (see photomicrographs). Four deionized water rinses of the sampling system were analyzed as blanks. This study was not designed for collecting and analyzing samples for plastic particles. The results are unanticipated and opportune.

      More like, the results are suspect and should not have been reported without a proper study utilizing controls and statistics.

      • by circamoore ( 815938 ) on Wednesday August 14, 2019 @04:14AM (#59085188)

        In the course of another study they incidentally made an interesting observation, so they reported it in a brief note alongside (as you noticed) a statement of the limitations of the observation, and the suggestion that further study is needed (with better techniques). That way people with the resources/expertise to follow up the observation actually get to hear about it.

        This is EXACTLY how science is meant to work. It is a process of collaborative refinement of understanding, not of paranoid loners working in absolute secrecy until they have some perfect irrefutable gem of wisdom to unleash fully formed on the supplicant masses.

        Now if you were talking about mainstream media reporting on preliminary observations that would be a different story.

        • by Mashiki ( 184564 )

          Thing is, they could have or someone else could have already chemically compared them to say the samples we've pulled out of the air and rivers here in Ontario. My guess, is that once they trace the source back it's going to be the same shit...coming from China and the sweat shop operators in northern africa and SEA making $300 nikes at $0.12/day. The big boom in synthetic fiber ending up in the air and rivers is already pretty well known.

        • Best comment of this thread!

        • Well, these folk represent a government agency. Did you actually read their conclusion? "It's raining plastic!"

          That sensationalism came from the authors themselves, not some lame press stooge, and is wholly unjustified given the quality of the study.
          • by gnunick ( 701343 )

            Your suspicion/perception of sensationalism is understood. But so is the legitimate concern of the authors, because our global plastic problem is neither imaginary nor exaggerated.

            Further reading (article published less than 1 hours ago): https://www.bbc.com/news/scien... [bbc.com]

            Even in the Arctic, microscopic particles of plastic are falling out of the sky with snow, a study has found.
            The scientists said they were shocked by the sheer number of particles they found: more than 10,000 of them per litre in the Arctic.

            Spoiler alert: They did not use plastic collection vessels.

        • Old saying :

          The most exciting words in science are "That's odd."

  • ... free hydrocarbons!

  • Zappa [youtube.com] knew that the plastic problems were human caused years ago, what a visionary.
  • by Gabest ( 852807 ) on Wednesday August 14, 2019 @01:29AM (#59085038)
    Everything becomes a tiny string.
    • by bobby ( 109046 )

      Maybe we've found the strings that everything comes from...

      And maybe it's a constant cycle...

  • >> Microscopic Fibers Are Falling From the Sky In Rocky Mountains

    It's Colorado rocky mountain high
    I've seen it rainin' fire in the sky
    Friends around the campfire and everybody's high
  • Thread fall (Score:3, Funny)

    by Matt Smith ( 4141495 ) on Wednesday August 14, 2019 @03:49AM (#59085160)
    I've read this one. We just need dragons.
  • by keithdowsett ( 260998 ) on Wednesday August 14, 2019 @05:02AM (#59085262) Homepage

    Every time we wash our clothes we generate a soup of microscopic fiber particles and dump them into the drainage system.

    The fibers originating from natural materials will mostly be degraded by bacteria & fungi in the waste water processing plant.. Those from man made fibers aren't degraded because there are no organisms which digest these polymers. The particles are less dense than water so they aren't trapped in settlement tanks and instead they are released with the 'clean' water into rivers and seas.

    Once in the sea it's easy to see how droplets containing these microscopic fibers will enter the atmosphere and be carried around the planet.

    So I'm not in the least surprised to find that microscopic fiber particles are found in rainwater, and would expect similar results pretty much anywhere.

    To resolve this either a) stop washing our clothes or b) wear cotton, linen, and wool

    • I can't stand the texture of polyester clothing... it is getting more and more difficult to find cotton clothing.
      • it is getting more and more difficult to find cotton clothing.

        We've reached peak cotton because of the lack of availability of water, and the instability of weather. It's only going to get worse from here. Try bamboo, I have a bamboo tee shirt and it's pretty nice. A little harder on the nipples when sweat-soaked than good cotton, but within the range of normal cotton fabrics. But nothing is as good as cotton, the original microfiber, except maybe silk. And I haven't met a silk weave yet that's as permeable to airflow when wet as cotton jersey.

        • by Strider- ( 39683 )

          By the time "Bamboo" has been processed to the point where you can make it a fabric, it's basically just Rayon, a plastic. The marketing difference is that the cellulose source for the rayon was from bamboo, rather than some other plant.

          Hemp is likely a more suitable natural fiber for these kinds of things, as the fibers obtained from it can be pretty easily turned into yarns and thus fabric.

    • by N1AK ( 864906 )
      1/ I'm not sure it's viable for large-scale pollution of these locations to be explained by the standard water life-cycle. Microparticles are small but so are plenty of other particles and they generally don't keep picked up by normal sea water evaporation. This is why the authors of the article are posturing that these particles must have been blown to these locations. I'd genuinely appreciate it if I've misunderstood and you could give me some links to enlighten me :)

      2/ There is at least the potential
    • by bobby ( 109046 )

      My money's on that the whole thing is dryer lint. Time to invest in lint catchers.

    • by ceoyoyo ( 59147 )

      Or (c) put a lint filter on your washer discharge, and make sure the one on your dryer is working well.

      Lint filters help a lot, and it's a really simple step that doesn't actually require anyone to do anything inconvenient.

    • Serving as dust cores for rain seeding, we should be seeing increased rainfall.

    • The fibers originating from natural materials will mostly be degraded by bacteria & fungi in the waste water processing plant.. Those from man made fibers aren't degraded because there are no organisms which digest these polymers.

      They can digest the components of the polymers. The problem is the polymer molecules are incredibly long - tens of thousands to millions of repeating chains long. They can't process something that long. Break it down into smaller pieces and they can digest it, but not some

  • by Dan East ( 318230 ) on Wednesday August 14, 2019 @07:47AM (#59085442) Journal

    There will be an absolutely massive explosion in bacteria if and when they adapt to eat plastics.

    • by ceoyoyo ( 59147 )

      There are a bunch of plastic eating bacteria. Could be interesting if they become really common.

      • common? they already are. there are bacteria that eat petroleum products and plastics. They eat oil spills, for example. If we'd quit making more all these microfibers of plastic would get broken down by sun and bacteria, no problem. However, if we keep polluting.... who knows

        • by ceoyoyo ( 59147 )

          Yes, there are lots of bacteria that eat petroleum products. Plastics are a less common, and the ones that actually eat plastic as an energy source even more so.

          But when I said really common I meant Ringworld superconductor disease common.

          • They are ringworld disease common, that's the point

            the most common plastic is PE, for example, and plenty of bacteria and fungus in the soil eat them. just chains of hydrogen and carbon. om nom nom.

    • We might be waiting a very long time. The Carboniferous Period lasted around 60 Million years because none of the existing fauna had evolved to digest cellulose yet. Cellulose was an incredibly abundant resource, far more abundant than plastics are now.

  • We can use the plastic to seal up the glaciers and keep them from running away!
  • Because they never consider such as swathes of micro-plastic in the air.

    But they will add it, and once more declare that we must hand over our cash and life or face apocalypse.

  • It's good news for the ski areas. The particulates are needed for snow formation.

I tell them to turn to the study of mathematics, for it is only there that they might escape the lusts of the flesh. -- Thomas Mann, "The Magic Mountain"

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