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Science

The Quest To Save the Banana From Extinction (theconversation.com) 224

Panama disease, an infection that ravages banana plants, has been sweeping across Asia, Australia, the Middle East and Africa. The impact has been devastating. From a report: In the Philippines alone, losses have totalled US$400m. And the disease threatens not only the livelihoods of everyone in this US$44 billion industry but also the 400m people in developing countries who depend on bananas for a substantial proportion of their calorie intake. However, there may be hope. In an attempt to save the banana and the industry that produces it, scientists are in a race to create a new plant resistant to Panama disease. But perhaps this crisis is a warning that we are growing our food in an unsustainable way and we will need to look to more radical changes for a permanent solution.
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The Quest To Save the Banana From Extinction

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  • It's a problem.... (Score:5, Insightful)

    by cayenne8 ( 626475 ) on Friday April 19, 2019 @10:49AM (#58459380) Homepage Journal
    The food industry has created a food monoculture, and this is JUST the thing that becomes a threat when you don't have diversity in your foods you grow.

    Take wheat and other produce....from what I understand almost all of it is ONE type.

    Notice you don't see varieties much in tomatoes at the normal grocery store? I won't go into it about the lack of flavor in them, but their a good example of how our modern food has been whittled down to only growing those types that can be picked early and survive long transport without rotting.

    This happens because things aren't grown locally as much, and only in a few concentrated areas.

    Variety in food types doesn't work quite as well with the industrial food industry we've developed, but it does open us up to potentially SERIOUS problems if a disease or bug latches onto the ones we grow, and there aren't other types out there that would not be as susceptible to said threat factor.

    • by goombah99 ( 560566 ) on Friday April 19, 2019 @10:57AM (#58459428)

      Just the cavendish banana. And it's the worst case monoculture too, without seeds all cavendish's are clones. There was a banana before the cavendish that also went away which is why they went to the cavendish in the first place.

      there's a tonne of wild and domesticated bananas
      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... [wikipedia.org]

      Of course we'll lose all the orchards for a while. But they can eventually be reseeded with a new banana that is resistant.

      • And hopefully we'll get some new, interesting varieties. It's a damn shame that pretty much all that is available anywhere is the cavendish. It's like if the only apple available anywhere was a red delicious. Variety is the spice of life.

      • by Martin Blank ( 154261 ) on Friday April 19, 2019 @11:31AM (#58459650) Homepage Journal

        There was a banana before the cavendish that also went away

        The Gros Michel (aka "Big Mike") didn't go away entirely. It's still grown in decent quantities in some parts of the world that haven't yet been touched by that strain of the Panama disease, but rarely seen in the US because those places either don't produce enough to be commercially viable (South America) or are too far away to ship before wilting (mostly Asia and Africa). They're occasionally available in specialty stores, but are fairly expensive because they're usually flown in rather than sent by ship, or are produced by growers that have to take extraordinary precautions to protect their groves. (I once saw a few available in a small store for something like $10 each, though Atlas Obscura bought them from Miami Fruit Company for about $2 each [atlasobscura.com]; they don't appear to be available as of this writing, but that may just be a seasonal issue.)

        Work is being done on returning the Gros Michel to production because it has superior shipping qualities, the most important being a thicker, more impact-resistant skin. Cavendish are hard to transport without bruising, and with their (impending?) demise as a commercially-viable product, there's some value in looking back a half-century to try to fix the Gros Michel.

        Of course, this just perpetuates monoculture and we'll likely have to deal with it again later, but for better or for worse, monoculture is part of what has enabled low modern food costs as it allows largely consistent methods for a given crop around the world, varying only slightly for local climate. It's a trade-off that will be with us for some time, if not essentially forever.

        • Gros Michel also taste much better than Cavendish. Cavendish is one of the blandest species of banana. I see good riddance. Maybe it's time for many different species of banana to flood the market from small farms instead of a Cavendish monoculture from megacorps. I love banana bread/cake but they are best made with non-Cavendish bananas anyway. The corporations only got away with selling Cavendish because most people have never tasted other species.

      • by Rei ( 128717 )

        Well... replanted, not reseeded :) Average customers will never be happy with diploid or even tetraploid bananas, with hard seeds the size of BBs. And while new triploid (seedless) cultivars come from seeds, this is only done once, and then the banana is cloned from there.

        But I fully agree with you. Enough this this nonsense banana monoculture. Give us options and diversity, come on!

      • I still haven't forgiven that generation for depriving X and future generations the experience of the Big Mike. The more I read about them, the more I want to try one.

        Sad that they didn't learn at all from their unwillingness to take measures to preserve the strain, even though they probably had the means to do something to prevent extinction back then.

        I wonder if it would be possible to take a Cavendish banana plant, and put it through some stress to cause it to go herm (like you can do with MJ plants) an

    • by Code Herder ( 937988 ) on Friday April 19, 2019 @10:57AM (#58459430)
      Its worse than a monoculture problem with banana. Banana plants are not grow from seed but from cuts of existing plants, theyâ(TM)re basically all clones of the same cavendish plant, which is why theyâ(TM)re so susceptible to disease, thereâ(TM)s just no genetic variety and there never will be the way we grow them. The only possible fix is human intervention.
      • by v1 ( 525388 ) on Friday April 19, 2019 @11:32AM (#58459658) Homepage Journal

        The only possible fix is human intervention.

        "Human intervention" is the cause of the problem. And they didn't really learn their lesson the first time through either, this isn't the first time the grocery store banana has been tumbling down the road to extinction.

        The banana we have right now is quite bland by comparison with its predecessor - anything "banana flavored" you find today tastes like bananas used to taste like.

        Hybridization is the reason we're in this mess with bananas - they cross-bread incompatible species to get traits they wanted, getting "seedless" as a bonus because they're triploid as a result, and thus are sterile. They're basically the Mule of fruits, cross-bred for desirable traits, with the added consequence of sterility.

        So now we're making up for their lack of evolutionary adaptations by trying to make new varieties. Basically we're taking over the job of evolutionary response to disease. As long as we want those traits in bananas, we're always going to have this problem, and are going to have to continue to develop new hybrids - which is a slow process. These plants that are now incapable of evolving are faced with pathogens and parasites that can evolve, and that's a battle that's completely impossible for them to win.

        I've picked up wild bananas at the farmers markets - those are fun, they're much smaller, and full of seeds bigger than peas. And you can pot them and grow them indoors, though you're going to need a good size pot and high ceiling. (spider mites also love them) Eating them is like back in the 1800's, you have to have a dish to spit out the seeds in just the same as a dish you'd have had to spit out the shot from the pheasant and squirrel. ;)

        • The only possible fix is human intervention.

          "Human intervention" is the cause of the problem. And they didn't really learn their lesson the first time through either, this isn't the first time the grocery store banana has been tumbling down the road to extinction.

          The banana we have right now is quite bland by comparison with its predecessor - anything "banana flavored" you find today tastes like bananas...

          Interestingly the earlier banana, the Gros Michel, didn't go away completely. It just became far less available in the US. The article below does taste comparisons and the difference isn't as big as it's made out to be. Citation: http://www.promusa.org/blogpos... [promusa.org]

    • While there are varieties of tomato seed available at your local provider, among others, they may not actually be very diverse. I get 'heirloom' tomatoes occasionally, and these are very different, so hopefully they are diverse enough, but I recall growing tomatoes, and the challenge of pests. They are not very tough.

      It's probably the unfortunate circumstance with bananas is that they have been hit with a unique threat. Diversity in bananas would be a challenge I bet. Even though we also grows, as amateur f

      • While there are varieties of tomato seed available at your local provider, among others, they may not actually be very diverse. I get 'heirloom' tomatoes occasionally, and these are very different

        At our local farmers markets they have a pretty wide variety of tomatoes, not sure what technically makes something "heirloom" but they have large ones, small ones, much darker than normal tomatoes, striped varieties... many of them far more delicious than what you get in stores. We grow them in pots and don't hav

        • by Rei ( 128717 )

          The biggest difference is not the variety, but between picking them ripe vs. picking them green and then ripening them. It's just a whole different taste and texture experience.

          Really wish that a commercial solution could be worked out that would enable fruit to be actually picked ripe, not crushed in transit, and arrive at stores with still a reasonable amount of shelf life left... :P

          • That's also true, awesome to pick ripe, but there really is a huge difference in flavor and somewhat texture across different varieties of tomatoes, well worth exploring. The striped ones I like better than anything (forget the variety name), pretty sure they are not heirloom but they are great.

      • I get 'heirloom' tomatoes occasionally, and these are very different, so hopefully they are diverse enough, but I recall growing tomatoes, and the challenge of pests. They are not very tough.

        They can be grown indoors hydroponically, which is getting more and more economical....and that way you avoid the pests.

        The old, ugly, gnarled and multi-colored ones taste so much better, much like I remember them in my children.....even store bought ones back in the day tasted MUCH better than the flavorless things o

    • by dyfet ( 154716 )

      Indeed, wasn't this the point and lesson of the Irish Potato famine?

    • by caseih ( 160668 )

      Many are quick to blame corporations and even producers for monoculture and the complete lack of flavor in today's foods, and definitely profit is a motive. But that's not all there is to the story. Consumers have also driven this problem. Consumers, by their buying habits, overall tend to prefer good-looking fruits and veggies over ones that have blemishes but might taste better. Consumers largely drove the move to base an entire banana industry on two varieties, of which one is cavendish, and the oth

    • The key to having reliable food is to insist on seeds in all fruits and ignore the monoculture, GMO type people who think people are too stupid to handle seeds or who want GMO to fix the problems they themselves created in the first place with seedless bananas, and in the process create even more problems with the disaster that is GMO. Selective breeding can be used to find disease resistant varieties from the diverse seeded propogation. This would ensure the plant can better adapt to whatever plagues crop

  • TFA is interesting but the first thing that popped into my mind is that by doing this genetic manipulation of the (Cavendish) banana, humans are creating a new GMO and isn't that bad? Or is it good because it will help keep 400 million people from starvation?

    • by Chris Mattern ( 191822 ) on Friday April 19, 2019 @10:57AM (#58459432)

      humans are creating a new GMO and isn't that bad?

      No. Despite all the fearmongering, there's nothing inherently bad in GMOs.

    • by Opportunist ( 166417 ) on Friday April 19, 2019 @11:03AM (#58459482)

      Bananas ARE "frankenfood" already. The name already gives it away, it's a hybrid because you wouldn't even recognize its ancestors as bananas at all. The Cavendish is already the second banana variant, a "Banana 2.0" if you so will, and already second-rate to the Gros Michel that used to be the kind of banana you could get 'til about the 60s or 70s before it was pretty much wiped out by the very same disease that now threatens the Cavendish, too.

      Just in case you're wondering how Josephine Baker could dance with bananas as a skirt: The Gros Michel was considerably larger and also tasted way better.

      But banana trees are sterile. It's pretty much impossible to breed them, the only way to multiply them is cloning. Now guess what's the problem with this in regards to diseases. So you can't just breed resistant variants because, well, how? Unless you're putting the bananas in the CRISPR.

      • Contributing to the problem is dedicating very large areas to a single crop. I used to grow an acre of tomatoes when I was a young lad and it was a constant battle to fight off the predators who found delight in the amount of food I was providing for them.

        Birds, tomato worms, stink bugs, snails ...

        Mother nature knew better. Tomatoes were here and there, among other aromatic plants that attracted pests not interested in tomatoes.

      • by flink ( 18449 )

        Also, Cavendish already carry the gene to be resistant to this Panama disease - it's just damaged and inactive. There are other varieties of banana that have undamaged copies of this gene and are very resistant. So really we'd just be restoring something that we probably took out accidentally through selective breeding in the first place.

        • Or, just take those varieties that have the undamaged genes and seed propogate those bananas , so selective breeding is the solution here. In other words, the problem with Bananas is not seed propogation, its that we stopped seed propogating them, or else the resistant varieties would have come to dominate the field automatically and could adapt on their own. So the problem with Bananas are people like you who do want seed propogation and selective breeding because you have such a condescending view of peop

          • rather i meant to say, you do not want selective breeding and seed propogation, which are the solution to the problem, so you are part of the problem, you and your corporate monocultures and GMO

      • Bananas are NOT GMO, though they are selectively bred. the key to saving bananas is to oust the marketers and put sell seeded bananas to the consumer and ignore the people who say the consumer cannot figure out how to spit them out. This will increase genetic diversity and allow the species to naturally mutate and evolve resistance to diseases that pop up.

  • Unsustainable food (Score:2, Interesting)

    by Pollux ( 102520 )

    But perhaps this crisis is a warning that we are growing our food in an unsustainable way and we will need to look to more radical changes for a permanent solution.

    Yes.

    Quintessential example: the broiler chicken [wikipedia.org], a breed of chicken engineered to maximize its meat output, making it impossible to fend for itself in the wild, and 100% dependent on humans for survival. (Not to mention the irony of the word "survival", given its sole purpose is to feed humans.) And since it possesses an extremely narrow range

    • Natural chestnuts in America were wiped out by a natural blight that stormed across the nation.

      • Imported blight. Lots of agriculture disasters came from importing the pests. One of the latest being emerald ash borer. And Joyce Kilmer isn't what it used to be w/o those large hemlocks, killed by another imported pest. We're also losing/lost butternuts and potentially hickories/walnuts, and balsam fir. Some thought that the harvest of the remaining chestnuts was also responsible--any resistant trees were cut along with the susceptible. We're trying to do that with native dogwoods. Blight killed off most
    • So, we keep pumping them full of antibiotics

      Antibiotics are not required to keep the chicken alive. It makes them grow bigger and fewer die of disease due to their shitty farm conditions.

    • There is a substantial portion of chicken's being grown now that are not fed antibiotics. I've noticed that these organic chickens are becoming even more common in grocery stores. Because of this Demand there's little risk of Chicken disappearing. In fact the more people that pick Organic chicken meat the better it will be for everyone.

    • by Luckyo ( 1726890 )

      I know right. How could it be possible that some species would exist primarily to provide sustenance to others.

      And then you realized just how numerous parasites are in nature. Then you realized that each mammal type that has ever existed had countless thousands of different life forms in their digestive tracts alone that are solely responsible for feeding them. Then you hopefully realized that primeval nature worship you're espousing is based in a mix of utter ignorance of reality combined with lack of real

    • Broiler chickens are not one specific breed. Right now most are Cornish Cross, but there are others. Cornish Cross are hybrids (as are most non-heritage breeds), and come from different breeds by various companies. The stock is tweaked ever so often to make a "better" bird for the chicken companies. So it's doubtful a single disease would wipe them all out. And if it (most likely some avian flu variant) does, it's likely to wipe out a lot of other breeds as well. So Broiler != Cavendish.
  • by chill ( 34294 ) on Friday April 19, 2019 @11:11AM (#58459534) Journal

    "Yes! We Have No Bananas!" is a novelty song about a grocer from the 1922 Broadway revue Make It Snappy, is said to have been inspired by a shortage of Gros Michel bananas, which began with the infestation of Panama disease early in the 20th century.

    It isn't that we don't learn, it is that there is too much profit in just ignoring the truth. Over 100 billion bananas are consumed worldwide each year and they make up approximately 75% of the annual tropical fruit trade. In fact, they're the world's most exported fruit.

  • Been happening (Score:4, Insightful)

    by Jarik C-Bol ( 894741 ) on Friday April 19, 2019 @11:13AM (#58459554)
    I’ve been reading articles about how bananas are going to be wiped out by the blight and go extinct literally for the last 20 years, and yet, bananas are still like 49 cents a pound. I’ll start believing the hype when the price starts to skyrocket. Kind of amazed ‘Big Banana’ has not taken advantage of the fear mongering to double their profits already.
  • by Voice of satan ( 1553177 ) on Friday April 19, 2019 @11:26AM (#58459620)

    Pfew ! Europe is spared !

    Wait...

  • The grocery store variety of banana can't even be classified as a "species" in the first place...

    SPECIES: a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.

    Since the hybrid we have created is sterile, it fails to meet this simple criteria. So can it "go extinct"?

    EXTINCT: (of a species, family, or other larger group) having no living members.

    Well I suppose technically it can go extinct even if it isn't a species proper, if you consider it a group or f

  • Additional Details (Score:4, Interesting)

    by lionchild ( 581331 ) on Friday April 19, 2019 @11:53AM (#58459786) Journal

    Freakonomics lays out a good bit of detail behind the banana and the Panama disease that's coming to take out production for the second time here:

    http://freakonomics.com/podcas... [freakonomics.com]

  • Or rather just the Philippines, more specifically the banana orchards. Kill the trees, end the infection, let the disease die out, then repopulate.
    Confession: I have no idea if this is a good idea or not. But it seems easier than engineering a vaccine. Might take less time too. I can go a few years without bananas. Though I am sure the locals would be devastated. Closer to home, we have an over fishing problem with a particular sea crustacean. I wonder how much better it would be if we could just pay the f

    • ...I wonder how much better it would be if we could just pay the fishermen to not fish for a few years and let things repopulate rather than grinding away at a dwindling population.

      Overfishing is mostly due to Asia from what I hear. Japan and China trawl the oceans relentlessly and North America could stop fishing and eating fish altogether and it wouldn't help much. Citations: https://www.abc.net.au/news/20... [abc.net.au] https://qz.com/948980/china-ha... [qz.com]

  • by currently_awake ( 1248758 ) on Friday April 19, 2019 @12:27PM (#58459970)
    The problem with growing huge fields/forests of a single crop is anything that feeds on one will rapidly spread and kill the entire field. You need to break up the plants with something else to act as a firewall.
    • Aren't bananas even more special than that? I seem to remember they have to be pollinated by hand, by humans. It's like the original creature that took care of that went extinct or something.

    • its because of the lack of seed propogation and that cuttings are used to propogate them. So there are no genetic mutations that can increase the chance some individuals will have resistance.

  • "Yes, we have no bananas
    We have-a no bananas today.
    We've string beans, and onions
    Cabbageses, and scallions,
    And all sorts of fruit and say
    We have an old fashioned to-mah-to
    A Long Island po-tah-to
    But yes, we have no bananas.
    We have no bananas today."

  • What has done in bananas is the banana industry itself, on the idea that consumers will not eat a banana with seeds and are too stupid to figure out how to spit them out. So a seedless banana was considered essential and the industry has had basically a ban on seeds in banana. The best way to save bananas is for them to have seeds and propogate mainly with seeds. This increases genetic diversity and helps the species recover and adapt to plagues.

    So really the big enemy are the marketing and corporate expert

  • "I mean, it's one banana, Michael... What could it cost? Ten dollars?"

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