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Biotech Science

Round-Up Ready Coca Plants 478

goneutt writes "Wired reports that an herbicide resistant breed of the coca plant has been found in Columbia after years of government spraying. It also appears that the process happend via selective breeding rather than gene manipulation, but it's an outside possibility that it was engineered. What does this mean about drug control policy and the extensive use of one herbicide repeatedly. Does this point the way of the future for other weeds?"
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Round-Up Ready Coca Plants

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  • Is it.. (Score:4, Funny)

    by khrtt ( 701691 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @11:52AM (#10724052)
    ..just as, ehm, potent?
    • Re:Is it.. (Score:5, Funny)

      by Crazy Man on Fire ( 153457 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @12:06PM (#10724315) Homepage
      Actually, it is extra potent since you get the added benefit of putting all the herbacide that the plant has absorbed right up your nose! I smell a marketing opportunity...
      • Re:Is it.. (Score:5, Informative)

        by pla ( 258480 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @12:30PM (#10724678) Journal
        Actually, it is extra potent since you get the added benefit of putting all the herbacide that the plant has absorbed right up your nose!

        I'll give this one "funny", but certainly not "insightful".

        Glyphosate has very close to no effect in humans, acting by inhibiting EPSP synthase (which mammals do not have).

        Or, put another way, you can safely use it to kill weeds in your vegetable garden.
        • I think you mean, "...you can safely use it to kill weeds in your roundup-ready[TM] vegetable garden."

        • Re:Is it.. (Score:3, Insightful)

          by wash23 ( 735420 )
          It may be safe to use in your vegetable garden, but on the other hand, it might be a bad idea to blanket the hills of south american countries with the stuff. In addition to the obvious environmental problems caused by using a "broad-spectrum" herbicide on entire regions, the surfactant in the RoundUp formulation (polyoxyethylene amine, POEA) might affect a whole gamut of animals, plants, and microorganisms to varying degrees. Gotta wonder which administration member has huge stock holdings in Montsanto,
      • Re:Is it.. (Score:3, Funny)

        by billsf ( 34378 )
        Wow, quite cool. Next will be Paraquat proof pot! Remember all that 'California Gold' 25 years ago. ;)

        PS: Coke and pot do ABSOLUTELY NOTHING for me.

    • Re:Is it.. (Score:3, Insightful)

      by niittyniemi ( 740307 )

      > ..just as, ehm, potent?

      If they've crossed it with the "plant that yields up to four times more cocaine than existing plants and promises to revolutionise Colombia's drugs industry" [scotsman.com] which they came across this summer, then yes.

      To quote:

      A toxicologist, Camilo Uribe, who studied the coca, said: "The quality and percentage of hydrochloride from each leaf is much better, between 97 and 98 per cent. A normal plant does not get more than 25 per cent, meaning that more drugs and of a higher pu

    • Re:Is it.. (Score:3, Insightful)

      by Piscinero ( 823843 )
      It's Colombia, not Columbia.... sigh.
  • by SpiffyMarc ( 590301 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @11:53AM (#10724078)
    Can drug dogs still smell it?

    Starsky and Hutch surrender.
    • Didn't smell the leaves in the reporter's bags at the airport.

      Dunno if dogs can smell the leaves though.

      The great irony in the article, to me, is that legitimate crops get wiped out by the spraying and that causes farmers in sprayed areas to grow the one thing that will grow even tho it's sprayed - coca.
    • Dogs trained to smell cocaine will not cue on coca leaf. RTFA.
  • Quick! (Score:5, Funny)

    by mule007 ( 767116 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @11:53AM (#10724090)
    Someone alert Monsanto! The Columbian government is obviously infringing on their patents by allowing this plant to exist on their lands.

    Just imagine all the lost revenues.
  • by Walkiry ( 698192 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @11:53AM (#10724091) Homepage
    >What does this mean about drug control policy and the extensive use of one herbicide repeatedly

    One'd have thought someone would have learned something of the whole antibiotic resistance problem we've developed after years of abusing them without control. This kind of thing was not in any shape or form unpredictable or unexpected.
    • by LothDaddy ( 169765 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @12:19PM (#10724514)
      The development of antibiotic resistance can be much different from that of herbicide resistance because of the nature of the resistance. That is, for some antibiotics, bacteria "simply" obtain a plasmid containing a gene for resistance. Other times it's identical; mutation and selection. Bacteria have a benefit in that they reproduce like crazy, dividing ever 20 minutes under optimal conditions. That much mitosis will result in relatively frequent mutations, and more chances for resistance. Plants on the other hand, have life cycles that last weeks or more, making development of resistance a much slower process. Also, many of the herbicides are active on multi-sites (enzymes, whatever) in the plant while antibiotics typically only target one enzyme of function (e.g. ribosomal activity).



      To my knowledge, most herbicides are effective for years, and glyphosate (Round-up) has been no different. In fact, I've only heard of one other putative instance of naturally developing resistance to Round-up. With all that's sprayed in the US to control our annual herbaceous weeds, I find it unlikely that resistance developed naturally in a comparatively slow reproducing plant such as coca.



      However, I wouldn't be surprised if someone created GMO coca. There is enough money in the crop to support such efforts.



      I'm a plant pathologist, however, and my experience is with fungicide resistance, so take this as you will.



      • This is different (Score:3, Interesting)

        by einhverfr ( 238914 )


        To my knowledge, most herbicides are effective for years, and glyphosate (Round-up) has been no different. In fact, I've only heard of one other putative instance of naturally developing resistance to Round-up. With all that's sprayed in the US to control our annual herbaceous weeds, I find it unlikely that resistance developed naturally in a comparatively slow reproducing plant such as coca.


        But this is differnet than using roundup because there is no reason to try to cultivate plants which are resista
      • by Walkiry ( 698192 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @12:44PM (#10724866) Homepage
        The key difference is, IMO, the abuse of the pesticide, not just its use. Usually herbicides have to be carefully used because an excessive usage of these toxic substances can have a negative impact on the crop itself.

        That's not the case here, where they were spraying left and right in massive quanitites to completely destroy the coca crops. "Collateral damage" to the plant population of the area was not even considered. The same is happening now with GM crops that are resistant to herbicides, their ideal use would be simply to lessen the side effects of the pesticide when used the same way we've been using them before, but instead they're just the perfect excuse to use tons of the stuff to kill all the weeds, not just "many".

        Just like DDT, it can be very effective, but if you put excessive selective pressure for anything that makes the organism resistant to your favourite poison, you will eventually select the resistant ones and you'll be fucked. (Less likely, of course, the longer the cycle of the organism is, as it's a race between the killing rate to make it extinct and the mutation rate to become resistant, but Coca becoming extinct is not going to happen, so guess where we will end up...).

        Of course, I'm only a molecular biologist, so I'm not an expert in the particular field. But seems to me that we're about to make the same dumb mistakes we've been making for a long long time. The reperirion of the pattern is so clear it almost makes you weep.
      • by thparker ( 717240 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @02:40PM (#10726472) Homepage
        To my knowledge, most herbicides are effective for years, and glyphosate (Round-up) has been no different. In fact, Ive only heard of one other putative instance of naturally developing resistance to Round-up. With all thats sprayed in the US to control our annual herbaceous weeds, I find it unlikely that resistance developed naturally in a comparatively slow reproducing plant such as coca.

        I hate to say RTFA, but RTFA. The author specifically went to Colombia to determine whether this resistant plant existed and to try and determine whether it was genetically-modified. He did find what appeared to be Roundup-resistance coca plants and had them tested at a DNA lab.

        They found no evidence of any tampering. They specifically looked for evidence of the gene and the process used to develop Roundup Ready soybeans that we use in the U.S. They said that while it was possible that another way had been found the modify the plant, it was highly unlikely given an already known method.

        The author's ultimate conclusion was that the plants had been selectively bred. Colombian farmers apparently often sell and trade clippings from the hardiest plants and have created a large, ad hoc breeding network.

        So yeah, you're probably right. This probably couldn't have occurred naturally. But that's not what this article is about.

        And no, I'm not a plant pathologist or a geneticist, just some guy who read the article. For whatever that's worth.

        tp

    • It isn't 100% clear from reading the article that the plants are in fact resistant. No tests were done to determine if the plants are resistant. It would have been pretty easy to take a bottle of Roundup and spray one then wait a few days.

      Also, this is an incredible poorly written article. It is basically a big tease, based on the premise that the plants might be genetically engineered, which it turns out they aren't. Also he keeps comparing farms to p2p filesharers, as if the farmers are taking a hint from 14 yr olds in the US. Selective breeding and distribution of new strains is not a new tech.

      In all it is an annoying article that is full of speculation, short on facts, and proves nothing. I was pretty disappointed.

    • Coca is becoming resistant to herbicide spraying, and soon it will be futile. It is a shame that this didn't happen in time to save Saskra Root. Coca-Cola tastes like ass since they ran out of it. Read more. [uncoveror.com]
  • Colombia (Score:5, Informative)

    by Anonymous Coward on Thursday November 04, 2004 @11:53AM (#10724095)
    It's Colombia, not Columbia.
  • Here's what it means (Score:5, Interesting)

    by Underholdning ( 758194 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @11:56AM (#10724147) Homepage Journal
    You can't win the "war" on drugs in Columbia.
    As long as there's a market, there will be farmers producing drugs. Not only do the farmers get more money from growing drugs, if they refuse, they will be forced to do it.
    Spraying, yanking or what have we will not make a difference.
    (This is where I'd place a political rant, but there's been enough political BS on slashdot already. Besides, you all know the drill)
    • What's more, US-led spraying campaigns have caused mass disease, famine, and even death in the communities unfortunate enough to be targeted. Of course, that's the last thing the US government wants you to know.

      Quoted from this article [antiwarcommittee.org]:

      These spray campaigns have destroyed small farmers' food crops, contaminated water, and made children sick. While Colombian farming villages suffer severe consequences from the spraying, the campaigns produce little to no effect on the drug trade...

    • by Angry Black Man ( 533969 ) <vverysmartmanNO@SPAMhotmail.com> on Thursday November 04, 2004 @12:16PM (#10724448) Homepage
      You can't win the "war" on drugs in Columbia.

      I'd be willing to bet that you dont really know much about the war on drugs in colombia other than that they are growing drugs and the US doesnt want them to. However, its much more multifaceted than that. The drug war in Colombia, at least to Colombians, is more focused around the guerilla groups and narco-trafickers mutual supporting each other. Colombia has seen much more terrorism than the US ever has, probably along the same magnitude as Israel or Ireland back in the day (I say probably because i dont have the numbers).

      The "drug war" in colombia is breaking this cycle and getting rid of one of these two groups which will also play a large role in breaking the other. It can be successfully accomplished-- look at the Sendero Luminoso extermination in Peru. Let's not forget, Colombia used to be a non-factor in the war on drugs. Peru was the drug capital of South America and produced an overwhelming percentage of coca. Colombia, IIRC, was not a major player (like less than 10% of coca production) until the 1990's when Peru took a hardline stance against the Sendero Luminoso antisurgents and Escobar and the Cali cartel rose.

      True, if Colombia is able to rid the country of its insurgents, the drug dealers will probably move elsewhere (Southern Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela with Chavez in power). However, the drug war in Colombia IS winnable. The general drug war, on the other hand, is a different story.

      Another interesting thing about these widespread coca sprayings and focus on cocaine is that many colombian farmers are moving towards growing opium. Heroin is actually much more profitable than cocaine and is steadily increasing in its importation. Im willing to bet that in 10 years, heroine is the new cocaine.
    • by aminorex ( 141494 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @12:19PM (#10724513) Homepage Journal
      You can't win any war without criteria for success or failure. The purpose of perpetual war is to line the pockets of those whose economic interests it serves. Monsanto, FARC and the U.S. intelligence establishment do really well on the Colombian operation, and they'll continue to do well on it as long as people vote for the congressman with the largest advertising budget.

    • by dpilot ( 134227 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @12:25PM (#10724603) Homepage Journal
      I took away your "in Colombia" to increase accuracy. For something as easy as cocoa, marajuana, or poppies, source-level interdiction just isn't going to work. Source-level interdiction raises the street price, making it more profitable to become a source, making new sources come online at least as fast as you can eliminate the old ones. It's the Free Market at work.

      IMHO, drugs should be legalized and regulated like alcohol and tobacco, simply because the budgetary and social cost of "crimes of financing" are exceeding the what the budgetary and social costs would be, if regulated. Simple, pragmatic economics.

      Blast from the past, even praise for Richard Nixon:
      In 1968 Richard Nixon ran at least partly on reducing Crime. After election, he felt it necessary to deliver on his promises. Crimes of finance for drugs were felt to be a large part of the problem, so they were going to attack drugs. He was all set to go on a law'n'order, source-interdiction based drug policy, but his advisor(s) (Name forgotten, but there was a key one, here.) told him that it would never work. He had to work on demand reduction.

      They put in place demand reduction, largely in the form of drug treatment. It worked, at least within the timeframe and measurements they used. They reduced crime.

      By the 1972 race Viet Nam was the big issue, and everyone had forgotten about crime. After the election, they quietly dismantled the drug treatment programs, and the approach has largely lain fallow, since.

      BTW, Clinton and Greenspan were aiming for a "soft landing" with the economy, breaking the boom/bust cycles. They felt they had just achieved their target, as the dot-com boom hit. Of course the boom was followed by a matching bust, and the soft landing goal has been forgotten, too.
  • Why not? (Score:2, Informative)

    I don't understand what is so shocking about this. Animals are known to adapt to their environments, why can't plants? After all, there aren't the same types of plants there were in the age of the dinosaurs. They had to evolve somehow.

    So a few sturdy plants survived, then mutated. Then the mutated plants thrived, and grew an adaption to the chemical.

    I think scientists are really starting to get the "God" mentality -- Surely Nature would not fend for itself, after all! Nature couldn't have possibly done th
    • Re:Why not? (Score:2, Insightful)

      by boodaman ( 791877 )
      I think the thrust of the article wasn't "we're surprised that plants mutated" but "its cool that these farmers that the government says are ignorant clods with no intelligence are actually practicing fairly sophisticated cloning techniques, all under the radar".

      Sure, plants can mutate, but the article talks about how FAST they've mutated. In other words, they had help, and the help likely came from the farmers via an "underground" market for clones of the resistant plants.

  • Simple (Score:5, Interesting)

    by Prince Vegeta SSJ4 ( 718736 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @11:57AM (#10724170)
    Stuff wants to live. There has to be a non zero probability that a small group of coca plants have a mutated gene which is resistant to whatever herbicide they are using. If the plants are allowed to pollinate naturally, then it would follow that eventually this gene would spread to a larger number of plants and since the herbicide is killing of non resistant plants, I would think this would allow for a quicker propagation of the ristant plants due to decreased competition from non-resistant plants.
    • Re:Simple (Score:3, Interesting)

      by dciman ( 106457 )
      This kind of practice is equal to the simple mindedness that a large numbers of doctors and the medical community in the US do every day and think there are no consequences to their actions. They over prescribe antibiotics to patients who a lot of the time don't have any need for them. Like people who have the flu wanting antibiotics.... and the doctors give them to them just so they will shut up... pathetic really. So, since everyone with a runny nose gets antibiotics... we have widespread antibiotics resi
    • The real question is how rapidly animals, including humans, will develop roundup tolerance. The first response to this tolerance in "weeds" will be of course to spray more and higher doses. That of course makes it more likely to get ingested by animals, and eventually through plant and animal sources, into our food supply.

      Stuff wants to live, but a lot of stuff died finding the winning genes.
    • Stuff wants to live.
      Evolution wants to be anthromorphized!
    • Hmm (Score:3, Interesting)

      I guess this means we're going to breed crack adapted humans who can suck it down and then get up in the morning and go to work.
      • Re:Hmm (Score:5, Insightful)

        by mcmonkey ( 96054 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @12:44PM (#10724862) Homepage
        We've pretty much already done this.

        If you work in an office, there's probably a pot of liquid crack around. And I'd wager there's also a sign with something like, 'if you drink the last cup, brew the next pot,' cause you know those adicts don't like to wait for a fix.

  • by PhilipOfOregon ( 771069 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @11:58AM (#10724192)
    "Does this point the way of the future for other weeds?"

    Hey, it worked for mosquitos, lice, tuberculosis and gonorrhea. Of course it will work for weeds!

  • by er_col ( 664618 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @11:58AM (#10724195)
    The simple fact is: Where there is enough demand, there will also be enough supply. If you want to control illegal drugs, the demand is what you really need to be looking at.

    So please leave Colombia alone. You can't even spell the country name.

    • " The simple fact is: Where there is enough demand, there will also be enough supply. If you want to control illegal drugs, the demand is what you really need to be looking at."

      The problem is you cannot control the demand either. It is a basic desire among humans to want to alter their perceptions. One of the earliest "games" children enjoy is spinning in circles until they are dizzy. The reason thrill rides are so popular is because of the adrenaline rush they provide.

      If you look at the behaviors of

  • by Exter-C ( 310390 )
    Its always amusing when people classify plants they dont like as weeds even though the likelyhood is that the plant has been there from before man was even a fish. Just because you dont like plants of specific types doesnt mean its a weed.

    A weed is a plant that doesnt grow native in a particular area.
    • Its always amusing when people classify plants they dont like as weeds...

      Plants they don't like?

    • "A weed is a plant that doesnt grow native in a particular area."

      Crab grass has been growing natively in my front yard for years.

    • Doesn't matter if it is native according to Merriam-Webster:

      1 a (1) : a plant that is not valued where it is growing and is usually of vigorous growth; especially : one that tends to overgrow or choke out more desirable plants

    • I always understood the definition of a weed to be quite literally, a plant growing where you don't want it.

      A rose, growing in the middle of what you want to be grass, is a weed.
      • In fact, dictionary.com agrees with me.

        1.
        1. A plant considered undesirable, unattractive, or troublesome, especially one growing where it is not wanted, as in a garden.
        2. Rank growth of such plants.
        2. A water plant, especially seaweed.
        3. The leaves or stems of a plant as distinguished from the seeds: dill weed.
        4. Something useless, detrimental, or worthless, especially an animal unfit for breeding.
        5. Slang.
        1. Tobacco.
        2. A cigarette.
        3. Ma
    • by MikeyO ( 99577 )
      Its always amusing when people classify plants they dont like as weeds... Just because you dont like plants of specific types doesnt mean its a weed.

      from: http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=weed

      1. a. A plant considered undesirable, unattractive, or troublesome, especially one growing where it is not wanted, as in a garden.


      Seems like a reasonable classification to me.
    • A weed is a plant that is growing where you don't
      want it to grow. Suppose I have a lawn, and I grow
      sweet potatos. The lawn is a weed when it invades
      the sweet potato patch, and the sweet potatos are
      weeds when they invade the lawn.

      Some want the drugs to grow. Some don't. Depending
      on who you are, the drus plants may be weeds.
  • Waiting (Score:5, Funny)

    by Anonymous Coward on Thursday November 04, 2004 @11:59AM (#10724214)
    I'm waiting for the creationists to explain how god did this one.
  • Ironic that the Columbian drug lords would readily pay the research dollars to finance something like this. Now if there was some way to get them to invvest in other things that would move society forward and negate all the bad mojo they had. How can we create a problem that can be solved by the drug lords is the question.
  • This has been discussed in farming for a while [southeastfarmpress.com].
    That it has spread into cocaine is interested but expected since article about it have been around for over 2 years.
  • Why is it that when I get my issue of Wired in the mail even month I just KNOW that I will eventually see every article on Slashdot?

    Seems the recipe to karma whore would be:

    1: Monitor Wired to post their magazine stories on their site
    2: Be the first to submit to /.
    3: Rinse, Repeat
  • I saw this documentary a while back which said that species are constantly upgrading there defences/attack mechanisms against each other, through the process of natural selection and evolution.
    No doubt there will be some plants that will become resistant to existing forms herbicides. Afterall, we are already starting to deal with the horrors of germs (bacteria etc) that have become resistant to antibiotics and other medicines. It's just a natural process.
    On the plus side, it means scientists will always
  • by davidu ( 18 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @12:03PM (#10724277) Homepage Journal

    The real question, imho, is will Monsanto [monsanto.com] try to collect royalties for the use of their genetic patent portfolio and IP?

    It would be *really* funny if they sued the drug cartels for patent license violations.

    I don't know who I dislike more, Monsanto or the Drug Cartels...

    -davidu
  • by rizzn ( 711521 ) <rizzn@phreaker.net> on Thursday November 04, 2004 @12:04PM (#10724296) Homepage Journal
    ...answers to a few questions:

    1. Do all herbacides rely on the Round-Up active ingredients?
    2. If not, is the herbacide in question something other than agent orange (or something similarly damaging to the environment/humanity)?
    3. Can we use that instead?

    Furthermore:
    4. What weaknesses were created in the plant through this adaptation? Just because it has become impervious to Round-Up doesn't mean that at the same time other alterations to it's code didn't occur during it's adaptation. There's more than likely a chink in the armor (so to speak), and if this strain gets spread to 100% of the coca growing community, that chink in the armor could become a large puncture wound.

    Another question I'm left with is with all that money, why the hell haven't cocaine cartels decided to invest in some genetic modification before now?
  • "Does this point the way of the future for other weeds?"

    IANAH(I am not a horticulturist), but people who grow another illegal plant [hightimes.com] already use selective breeding for specific purposes. Usually it's for appearence, taste, high, growing conditions. I haven't heard of a herbicide resistant maryjane, but this isn't exactly a new thing.

    Oh, and Dave's not here... sorry, I had to.
  • The is only one more example that man can not, and should not stop the use of drugs.

    Marijuana grows naturally almost anywhere in this planet, marijuana serves a thousand different purposes all of them positive. Making marijuana illegal is like...(this is for the faith-based votersr now)...saying that God made a mistake.

    On the Seventh Day, God looked down at his Creation and said "There is my Creation. Perfect and Holy in all ways. Wait, oh my Me. I left pot growing everywhere. I never should have smo

  • Not really (Score:2, Informative)

    by moorcito ( 529567 )
    but it's an outside possibility that it was engineered.

    Except that according to the Wired article it wasn't an outside possibility since they didn't find any evidence of genetic tampering. The conclusion was that it was natural selection.
  • It better have been natural selection, anything else is still under patent by Monsanto/Solutia/whatever they became. (US 5,776,760 for example- I think it was in fact filed in Columbia. Not really the right one, but I worked on the filings that essentially tried to lock up every conceivable method of manipulating a plant to tolerate the huge amount of glyphosate they were hoping to dump around it. In anticipation of needing a revenue source once the patents on glyphosate itself ran out, of course.)

    It'd
  • Now the War on Drugs can stop using those bit players (i.e. the CIA and the U.S. military) and move to a much more powerful attack squad: Monsanto and the U.S. intellectual property legal lobby. Those unfortunate Colombians are going to learn what Shock and Awe really mean.
  • Got a light, they ask? Sure, we got your light.

    Nuke it from orbit...it's the only way to be sure.
  • This means I'm going to have a fun weekend in a month or so.
  • Gentlemen, we have an opportunity to finally bring this war to a satisfactory conclusion. We have recently been apprised that our enemy's Department of Agriculture has unwisely invested in assets that appear to violate the intellectual property of Monsanto, until now a neutral power in this struggle of ours. But now, we can persuade Monsanto that their intellectual property has been trespassed upon, and we have faith that they will now commit their Intellectual Property division to our now mutual struggle.
  • by Mr. Cancelled ( 572486 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @12:21PM (#10724544)
    Is more of our tax dollars going towards killing people, plants, and animals in a country that doesn't want us there, as opposed to reinvesting that money into us, the country, and anti-drug efforts in the homeland.

    And I expect that in another 10-15 years, we'll see another story about how now coca have been resistant to whatever our new chemical of choice is going to be.

    Not to turn this into a "war on drugs" tirade, but the current administration, and it's directives, are so far off target, it's not funny.

    By the way... While you're thinking about how much money has already been sunk into this, how many lives have been lost, and how many people in columbia we've hurt (or at least hurt their livelihoods, whether they were coca farmers or not), consider the $75 billion dollar proposal that Bush will submit in January to further the war in Iraq.

    Now think about the positive changes that could be made here in the USA, which is where all of us funding these fiascos live, if we used the combined monies for these wars to improve our homeland.

    If you can picture it (I can!), then you surely are not a politician, I'm guessing.
  • by Stephen Samuel ( 106962 ) <samuel@bcgre e n . com> on Thursday November 04, 2004 @12:33PM (#10724724) Homepage Journal
    Do they sue the Columbian Government, The cocaine greowers, or God?

    I mean, They gotta [slashdot.org] sue somebody! [bag.cbc.ca]

  • by br00tus ( 528477 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @01:28PM (#10725486)
    These herbicides kill all kinds of plant life. When it is put down, it kills coca plant life as well as whatever non-coca farmers are growing. With resistant coca plants, it means these herbicides are only killing off what farmers who are not growing coca are growing. This herbicide spraying has had a massively negative [witnessforpeace.org] effect on non-coca farmers.

    The spraying is the initiative of the United States, which has been involved in Colombia's affairs ever since it stole the land for the Panama Canal from Colombia. Coca is grown in the north and the south, but the north is not sprayed - only the south. That is because the coca growers in the north are US-friendly and the coca growers in the south are in FARC controlled areas, a movement which among other things, wants the US out of Colombia's affairs. The south growing coca is a new phenomenom, for years FARC banned it, so all the coca grown and sent to the US in the 1970s was from the US friendly north. It only became a "problem" when the south began growing it. The US army colonel who supposedly was leading anti-drug efforts was actually involved in an operation to ship drugs to [salon.com] the United States.

    Right now Phillip Morris is pushing the deadly tobacco drug on Chinese people. Can you imagine if China sent planes over to the US and began dropping herbicides on fields all over the US south? This is completely ridiculous, and whenever someone from south Colombia fights back against this, of course it's called "terrorism" and is used as justification for why this is necessary.

    I don't think this whole thing is the US government being misguided, I think it is the US government being misleading, especially to the American people. Plenty of countries ship drugs to the US, if the product (such as marijuana) is not grown here already. But only Colombia gets this attention, only Colombia gets sent one billion a year to fight the FARC...uh, I mean, to fight coca farmers. Coca is the WMD's of Colombia - it is the excuse for doing what they *really* want to do.

    Why is Colombia so important? Because Venezuela, Colombia (and from recent discoveries, Bolivia) have massive amounts of oil. The US powers-that-be want to control these natural resources. Arauca is one of the more oil-rich regions, and dozens of trade unionists in that region alone have been murdered [guardian.co.uk] this year. Hundreds of Colombian trade unionists are murdered every year, and the US sends one billion a year in military aid, crop destruction and so forth in order to add fuel to the fire. These policies are lobbied for by corporations like Occidental Petroleum, and I see only the most sinister motives behind their and the US's efforts in Colombia. Of course, the whole coca thing is a big WMD-like front for the real reasons, but if the US wanted to stop the global drug trade it should stop shipping tobacco to China. Hell, the US helped England invade China in order to push heroin on them over a century ago.

  • by Jodka ( 520060 ) on Thursday November 04, 2004 @01:52PM (#10725770)

    It also appears that the process happend via selective breeding rather than gene manipulation, but it's an outside possibility that it was engineered.

    Those are both the same thing: evolution by selection. By spraying coca with herbicide either we are selecting for coca which is resistent to herbicide, or we are selecting for drug producers who are capable of gentically engineering coca to make it resistant to herbicide. Anti-drug measures apply selective pressures to the entire system of production, not just the plant.

    What does this mean about drug control policy

    The enforcers are likely to renew and concentrate their efforts on the point of adaptation within the adversary system, misunderstanding the scope of the problem which they confront, believing it to be a plant rather than a system of production which may adapt at any stage. My prediction: They will find a solution to the problem of resistant plants, apply it, and the system will evolve again, adapting at that point or some other.

    They are playing wac-a-mole with evolution.

    • The enforcers...misunderstand the scope of the problem which they confront, believing it to be a plant rather than a system of production which may adapt at any stage.

      That is a somewhat cynical view, but I think you missed the most cynical part: the US agencies responsible for executing the war on drugs are run by pragmatic people who don't want to lose their jobs. The worst case scenario for them is that they actually win the war on drugs and they're out of a job. So instead, they're mostly in the publ

  • by bradbury ( 33372 ) <`moc.liamg' `ta' `yrubdarB.treboR'> on Thursday November 04, 2004 @02:53PM (#10726631) Homepage
    The entire discussion as to whether you can eliminate a crop in some country is completely unimporatant to the long term discussion about drugs. Why? Because once the genetic pathways for the synthesis of the drug molecule are known then it is relatively easy to transfer them into an alternate host. Why can't corn grow THC or cocaine in the leaves of the plants as well as corn kernels in the corn cobs? The same could be asked for wheat, rye, tobacco, etc.

    Once the biochemical pathway is known there are relatively few barriers to transfering it into a mass produced crop or yeast growing in a beer barrel in your basement.

    The entire "kill off the crop" perspective probably has less than a ten year future. Beyond that one will be able to produce psychoactive substances in a variety of settings. It shifts from "lets eliminate the xxxyyyzzz crop" to lets test every single cornfield in America and/or lets invade every single basement to see if they have bioreactors (aka beer brewing barrels) that produce THC or Cocaine.

    A real attempt to address this problem would not be focused on the production sources but would instead be focused on the causes for "demand". While it is important to limit the sources -- it ultimately isn't going to happen. (It is a task that is doomed to fail because technology advances *will* migrate around attempts to limit production.) Reduce the demand for the product and the sources of production will decrease as well. Simple economics.

    Because I promise you, as someone who has studied microbiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, as well as having founded seveeral biotech companies, attempts to control the "source" are doomed to fail.

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