Why Do Entrepreneurs Innovate Better Than Managers? 134
netbuzz writes "New research from MIT suggests that entrepreneurs innovate better than managers not because they try more often but rather because when they do try they apply more of their available brainpower to the task. 'We found, somewhat surprisingly, that managers and entrepreneurs did not differ in the probability with which they would undertake explorative (potentially innovative) courses of action. But when entrepreneurs did select explorative tasks, they used both the left and right sides of the frontal cortex of their brain whereas managers only used their left parts of the frontal cortex,' says the lead researcher, MIT Sloan School of Management Visiting Prof. Maurizio Zollo. This is an important difference, he notes, 'because the right side of the frontal cortex is associated with creative thinking, involving to a larger extent emotional processes, whereas the left side is associated with rational decision-making and logic.'"
coz they get more excited? (Score:5, Insightful)
It's often easier to get funding or buy-in if you're genuinely excited about something rather than thinking dispassionately "this is a good thing technically".
Re:coz they get more excited? (Score:5, Insightful)
Managers will look at how much money it'll make and very little else but entrepreneurs will try something because it seems like a good idea.
The profit/loss for a manager will be a few percent (depending on the market & hollywood accounting) but the entrepreneur will make or lose
a lot more. Most people seem to forget that for every successful entrepreneur out there you'll find 10 who failed or got stepped on by someone else.
Re:coz they get more excited? (Score:5, Interesting)
As a former senior manager in a Fortune 50 company, and now a co-founder with my own Series A funded startup, I might share a unique vantage:
When I was a manager in corporate America, I spent a lot of time weighing the paramaters that came with the job. Often times, I wasn't actually trying to make the 'best decision' in the sense of perfection, but the right decision that fit my company, culture and current political situation as a manager. How might my boss respond to this? How will it be perceived more broadly? What will it do for my personal and team credibility? Do ideas like this one seem to survice in this culture? I probably put as much thought into puzzling through these things as I did trying to 'innovate'. (Oddly, one team I managed was called Innovation Development. But thats another story).
As a entrepreneur the team is really small. And the parameters are only a few. Really I only have to answer to my co-founder and our investors. And the overall set of paramaters personalities I'm managing against are substantially fewer (and probably of my own choosing) and more 'real' than in corporate america. What people think, or what my boss / team might think, are really non issues now.
As an entrepreneur, I spend a lot more time thinking bout how to realize the right idea than defending it.
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Good points, anonymous coward... :-)
There may be a second point - it seems the study may see it the wrong way around: I'm not a manager, but I do have ideas on how we can improve things at various employers; I guess many, probably even most, people have ideas on how to improve a business - or a new idea for some other business. But not everyone feels they have the business acumen to become entrepreneurs.
Don't you think that having ideas comes first? How many people go out to become entrepreneurs without _an
Re:coz they get more excited? (Score:5, Informative)
My father was an executive in a Fortune 5 corporation.
His most telling advice about managing was that the easiest answer for a manager was "no." His explanation was that as a manager charged with running a 4+billion (1960's) dollar operation, his first responsibility was to NOTlose the company's money; therefore risk avoidance was paramount. His advice for me when I was working in a company developing new processes to manage quality, was to explain to the managers how the process (or products, no difference) would LOWER the risks and enhance the manageability of the process. Thus, I would be communicating to the concerns of the managers.
Entrepreneurs on the other hand, he explained, are willing to take the risks to develop a new way to do something (or better, something to create an entirely new market or niche.) Thus, they judge the reward/risk ratio, rather than the other way around, and need to be communicated to in the engineer/developer style they need to be assured that theirs is the right path.
In time, each specialty needs the other. As the project becomes a product, and accrues the necessary infrastructure for support (not only technical) the entrepreneur needs to have managers used to ferreting out those risky aspects of running a mature business; capable of assuring the owners (not just the stockholders, but the process owners also) that their investment isn't in vain.
bureaucracy (Score:2)
SUCCESS requires getting 7 or 8 Yes answers in a row.
Failure means only one of those layers of bureaucratic managers has to say No.
Actually, it's because (Score:2, Informative)
Re:coz they get more excited? (Score:4, Interesting)
Try this game, presume lightning has struck and now you are a manager. You try to do the right thing, manage your people properly. Some smart aleck that you manage comes up to you one day and proceeds to tell you that you are stupid because you did A and he thought you should do B. You had good reasons for doing A, but no, now you are stupid. Others you manage do not tell you that you are stupid. Do you (1) take to heart this odd man's opinion, or (2) tell him to STFU knowing trying to explain your reasons will fall on deaf ears because he already considers you stupid?
Managers can indeed be stupid, but no one will change their actions because they are told they are stupid. They simply circle the wagons and repeat to themselves all the reasons why they do what they do thereby reinforcing their current behavior. You want to change something, explain a better way.
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Most people seem to forget that for every successful entrepreneur out there you'll find 10 who failed or got stepped on by someone else.
Most people don't seem to understand that every successful entrepreneur fails first and often, sometimes on purpose, learning from his/her failures and applies lessons learned with both sides of the brain. Anyone who avoids failure will never be a successful entrepreneur. The other 10 you write about may or may not be on the continuum of growth that every successful entrepreneur has to experience: a series of rounds of failure, learning, and adaptation. But chances are pretty good that if all 10 of those en
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Nice fairytale, too bad real life doesn't work that way. Most of them will kiss the first corporate ass they can wrap their lips around. Usually somewhere their "buddy" can get them a job with benefits. Several will spiral into unemployement and eventual "retirement" or "disability". One or two will eventually succ
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every successful entrepreneur fails first and often
Actually, no, they don't. A few do. Mostly, successful entrepreneurs are defined by the fact that their companies don't fail. Without belaboring the point, this is the story of most big-name startups.
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coz they get more excited?
The scientific explanation is:
1. the entrepreneurs used both the left and right sides of the frontal cortex (with the right side of the frontal cortex acting... indeed... to emotionally excite them)
2. the managers used both the left side of the frontal cortex and the bottom part of their body (with the bottom part of their body giving a s#17 about all)
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Dont need a scientific reason. It's very simple:
Managers are hired to maintain the status quo and keep the shop running. They not supposed to take big risks as their boss doesnt want them to risk sinking the company. Slow and steady wins the race type thinking.
Entrepenaur on the other hand is frequently his own boss, and by it very nature engaged in a high risk situation. He either succeeds and makes money or doesnt and goes broke. Since there is no middle ground, no status quo to maintain, he is actually f
You An MBA ? (Score:2)
If all people thought like you, we would have managers managing the caves and trees we lived on. But hell, most of population are dumb fucks who believe in the religion of money, so they grow their "leaders" from that pool of ignorance.
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A manager gets paid to manage, and in the case of companies that run R&D labs and promote innovations, their job is to recognize a good innovation over a bad one from their employees.
I can "innovate" a toliet with a back scratcher, doesn't mean a company should invest $10 million dollars to design and build thing thing commercially when the total sales of the item will be $10,000 and that is only because you sold two of them at $5,000 a piece.
Reality and life must set in before proper innovation and
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They hire their lobbyists to loiter around Congress to get law drafted in their favor for tax treatment and legal protections for artificially created monopolies ( aka "business models").
That's why business use of cars is written off by business, but try that as an employee writing off commuting expenses to your job. A business can write off their buildings as an expense - you just try to write off house payments off the same way. Well, did you need your house in order to generate a taxable inco
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Managers are "groundskeepers" of a facility and are employed to use that facility to make money. They have set roles and responsibilities and are usually bent by company politics. Entrepreneurs don't need a maintained facility to ensure success. They create it. This article is full of hooey and it's sad it even makes Slashdot. Sadder still are comments like this clown.
The truth is most Managers could never survive the harsh environment of the low end business world, swim against the tide and make something
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E.G. Steve Jobs, Entrepreneur. Tim Cook, Manager. Enough said.
Steve Woz Entrepreneur and creater of many successful Apple innovations, Steve Job's a good marketer and not much else.
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And for say 99% of the time your approach is correct and then there is the 1% of the time that the entrepreneur comes up with something that disrupts an entire industry and the Managers are unable to compete and adapt.
Managers can manage sustainable innovation fine and entrepreneurs are fantastic for disruptive innovation which in practically every case managers will kill. You need both if you want to excel before a startup comes along and kills your business.
Obvious (Score:5, Insightful)
Most managers are tasked with creating stability and predictability.
Most entrepreneurs have no such commission - the goal is to make money. It's easier to take risks in that pursuit.
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More than just that, most managers can afford to fail. A company can absorb failed projects. An entrepreneur can fail, but risks losing friends, family, and food in the process. That's a huge incentive to be creative and fully engage one's mental capabilities.
Re:Obvious (Score:5, Insightful)
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>. If the entrepreneur fails, he loses his life savings often.
Not the smart entrepreneur. For them, it's the investors and staff who lose out.
Only true if you have already made it. Ever watch Shark Tank?
Unless you have those sales and growth and are making money hands over fist and just need some extra capital to meet existing orders an investor wont even talk to you. The risk has to be 0 and money back guaranteed or very close to this.
True back in 1999 that wasn't the case. But in 2013 it sure as hell is. You need all of your own capital or partners. Banks today wont just give out money either. They demand a personal guarantee aka colateral (as
Re:Obvious (Score:4, Informative)
As an entrepreneur who just finished raising a series a, I half agree with you.
It does take money to be an entrepreneur especially if you aren't getting paid. You need cash to live while you build the company and even extra cash incase it all fails and you need to get another job.
But it does not require one to be rich. Whats actually most important is access to people with money. In the form of professional acquaintances or friends. Be it personal wealth or corporate wealth.
People with money actually have a very series problem they are always trying to solve. How do I make more money with the money I have? Or at a minimum, keep the money I have safe.
Entrepreneurs offer people with money answers to both of these problems. A million dollars isn't going to 10x on its own in 12 months, but if my company works it does. That an entrepreneurs offer people with money something to be part of. Most of the high net-worth people investing in our company are excited to have something new to do. The money is just a technicality, they want to be part of seeing our idea succeed. They want to be that person that says, "ohh ___ company, ya I invested in them early on. It was clear they were going to win".
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The investors (angels, VC, and institutional) I know — and I have known a few both down in Silicon Valley and up here in the Pacific Northwest — won't invest unless the entrepreneur is all in. As one of them said to me once "I a mortgage isn't on the line, they aren't worth investing in".
As to the main question Entrepreneurs take more risks, experiment with more wild and oddball ideas, and work well without a lot of structure. Which is also why most entrepreneurs make horrible managers. Once
A hypocritical requirement (Score:5, Insightful)
Are the investors, themselves, "All In"? Do they put all their money for a fund plus their own house in one investment? Obviously not, they know that most startups fail.
Making the entrepreneur "more motivated" such that his life is nearly permanently ruined by a highly probable failure and unable to try again ever (if you are a normal person who now owes a judgement for $350,000 with no collateral and you haven't had a steady job for years and are likely to continue to be unemployed for at least a year, your life sucks and you will be divorced upon) does not not improve the odds of the outcome. More effort frequently does not translate into more success past a certain point. There is a large contribution of luck which cannot be managed or innovated around.
Do investors want to select for delusional entrepreneurs without a sense of the realities of the world?
Re:A hypocritical requirement (Score:5, Interesting)
The lottery mentality runs very deep in American culture. This is not just my opinion: More than half of those aged 18 to 29 (54 percent), believe they will get rich. [bankrate.com] And yet, only 2% of the population identifies themselves as actually rich. That is a BIG disconnect. Put another way, there's a sucker born every minute.
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| I do think it will be similar with Sappeur - at some point there will be a major memory-safe language without a VM and GC.
How about Fortran?
Compile with run-time array checks on (which can often be abstracted outside loops thanks to Fortran's strict semantics and minimal use of unconstrained pointers).
| Most Software Engineers are actually very, very far from being enlightened.
Or there are more constraints practically than commonly appreciated. Do you want to propose a complete alternative to HTML and HT
Re:Obvious (Score:5, Interesting)
Re:Obvious (Score:4, Interesting)
It's easier to answer "why didn't you do <the right thing>?" than "why did you do <the wrong thing>?". In most cases, "we didn't have enough information at the time" is good enough for the former, whereas it takes a lot more effort to explain the latter.
An entrepreneur only has to answer "where's my money?" (if s/he's playing with someone else's money), but doesn't have to justify each and every decision.
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Choosing to do nothing is always the right decision when you are trying to minimize personal responsibility for failures. If you choose to do nothing, then nobody can blame you for anything besides inaction; on the other hand, if you choose to do something and it doesn't work out, then anyone who wants to take you out has concrete ammunition.
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Seems that even if the manager was tasked with making money and offer the same risk and rewards, the mindset that goes into management would do a poorer job of it.
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lol. I once heard it said that science was inevitably described as either "obvious" or "stupid/wrong" -- still true ;-)
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Or, another way is most entrepreneurs are "serial entrepreneurs" - they start a company around an idea, build it up, and sell it off. Then they start up some other company on another idea, build it up, sell it off.
This means they're basically in the growth stage of the company but rarely carry into the maintenance stage where th
Some Of Us Have Known This For Years (Score:5, Insightful)
The entrepreneur starts the business, makes it successful, then brings in a PHB to watch the money and keep it running. This has been the case for as long as there have been businesses.
Entrepreneurs tend to be creative, driven, and willing to work around the clock. They also tend to be terrible at the "boring" things (like money management). They're often terrible at details, too.
This same basic principle works for established businesses, too. I worked with a company that turned around radio stations many years ago. We'd send in a "hit" team to do the makeover, then put in a PHB to run it after it was successful. Likewise with restaurants: when a new eatery opens, they send in the "A" team to make sure everything is perfect. A few months later, if the restaurant takes off, they send in a "detail" guy to keep it running and making money.
I wouldn't have thought that it'd take a study to discover something this obvious, but it's nice to see it confirmed scientifically. :)
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The entrepreneur is an explorer, while the manager is a general tasked to occupy a piece of land.
Re:Some Of Us Have Known This For Years (Score:4, Interesting)
Think about what is new. Not when a dog bytes a person, but when a person bytes a dog. A manager has been vetted, so this person has a bunch of failures and succeses behind, presumably with more succeses, so the failures are news. However, an entrepreneur likely has no track record, or failures, so success is news. For instance we have a local retailer who has a successful business. Prior to this, however, he had a string of failure. Even late in his career he took chances which failed.
The point here is that in any pursuit, failing is not problem if you know how to fail, and your are resilient enough not give up and try again. The damage occurs when one believes that failure is not necessary in the process, or that certain people are more prone to failure than others. This is what leads to people just giving up. Which is what to a lot of entrepreneurs, while managers will persevere. And build up failures. Which is ok.
A business professor presumes neurology expertise? (Score:2)
So an accountant hand-picked a dozen "entrepreneurs", and decided that the squiggly MRI images are better than the other hand-picked "managers"?
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You probably didn't read the article... You should be an informed skeptic, not an ignorant skeptic. Being skeptical and ignorant is silly.
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Yes, the original article was written by 4 authors, 3 of which were business professors (including the lead author). This represents "interdisciplinary" New Age research at its worst.
And how well do entrepreneurs manage? (Score:2)
Perhaps managers need to be more focused to get their job done.
And let's not turn this into an argument about which style of thinking is superior. A thing is superior to another only give a particular goal and context. Some forms of thinking best in one context are deadly in another.
The key to a successful organization is making sure each kind of thinking finds appropriate application in a proper context and that they ultimately work together.
Managers can innovate? (Score:3)
News to me. Managers today are bean-counters, controllers, MBAs. They cannot even lead, how would they ever innovate or have any kind of "vision"?
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Maybe they are where you work. There are plenty of companies where that's not true, likely most of the ones with less than 5,000 employees.
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I think, depending on the culture of the company in which you work, this is changing rapidly. Out are the static MBA types and in are the knowledgeable leaders who can really drive great decision-making and develop resources.
I have worked for both organizations and seen the damage the "MBA model" (over-generalized but we'll leave it that way for simplicity's sake) has done. I currently work for an organization which turns that model on its head and makes work exciting and interesting rather than stagnant.
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David Marcus of PayPal and Marissa Mayer of Yahoo are some examples.
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Because (Score:1)
If you are an entrepreneur and you are not creative ... well you are out of a job FAST. Infact, most entrepeneurs are out of a job fast regardless. You only hear or study about the few successful ones.
A manager is not being paid to be creative. He or she is being paid to babbysit and attend meetings all day. Ok, I am being bashful here, maybe there a few good managers, but not from what I seen. There is a reason why managers get paid less then successful entrepeneurs by a large amount of money. Their abilit
I do not agree with your premise (Score:1)
Most entrepreneurs sink without trace.
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If you are developing your first project and it flops, you're toast. If you are developing your tenth project and it flops, the other nine products will probably keep your company running regardless.
Less meetings. (Score:2)
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Fewer meetings.
not surprising (Score:2, Interesting)
In my experience (30 years of R&D/start-ups), it is frequently the case that the entrepreneur is a
technical designer, engineer, sw developer, researcher, etc., while the manager is not. It is not
surprising that the former more frequently innovates than the latter.
In a surprising number of cases, the manager is where s/he is because they were a poor innovator
and rose up into management, while the successful innovator stuck to what they were good at.
I have known some fantastic managers who were also awes
Wait, what? (Score:5, Insightful)
I don't even understand the question.
Why would managers be innovative? You might as well ask why managers aren't great chefs; that's not what they do.
This sounds to me a little like some of the management worship that's going on these days, where those who work in management presume they're doing an inherently harder job, or simply that they're more skilled than non-management. So far I see little evidence to suggest management is inherently more difficult than any other mentally-focused skilled job.
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Re:Wait, what? (Score:5, Interesting)
I think it dates back to when intellectual work was a lot rarer, and managers tended to be either the only skilled worker, or amongst the most skilled, and things have not really caught up with the fact that now managers are frequently managing workers who are at least as skilled, but in very different ways.
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No, now we're dealing with entrepreneur worship, the belief that everything that happens that's awesome anywhere is the result of some entrepreneur trying to make money, and that all entrepreneurs are successful. The particular image that's making the business press go gaga is that of the college student who drops out of school to start a business and makes a ton of cash due to hard work and a great idea.
Of course, what actually happens is that a very tiny minority of entrepreneurs are ridiculously successf
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and the vast majority are complete and utter failures.
I would add to this, though - they may have failed, but they likely learned something that will permanently increase their value to society. And, because of that, permanently increase their income.
I strongly recommend that all college students try to start a business. Yes, you will likely fail - but you will be exposed to thing that will change your perspective forever.
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I wonder what proportion of those stories do not begin with a character that already has money to use as capital.
Answer is in the Name (Score:2)
Managers manage. They are hired to manage a company/group/project, not to create a new company/group/project. Also if someone calls themselves a manager, they are psychologically predisposing themselves to managing, not creating.
While the word Entrepreneurs evokes creating and innovating.
In the same way if you hired a Software Engineer you will get different results on the same tasks as if you hired a Programmer. Both because different people will apply and you will likely will have a differently worked lis
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Except that there's the chance that the self-taught electronics enthusiast builds systems which work fine under normal conditions, but fail under extreme conditions. I'd not want to drive in a car whose electronics is built by a self-taught electronics enthusiast.
HUH? (Score:2)
Having seen creative managers, and logical ones (Score:2)
Having seen creative managers, and logical managers, I'd take the logical ones any day. For an entrepreneur (or otherwise leader) you expect them to come up with a bold vision and creativity.
IMHO a good manager shouldn't do those things too much and rather use those skills from their team and organization. Not because a manager can't, but because if he gets involved with his own ideas too much, it clouds judgement.
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Right. But this won't go down well at organizations with hierarchical, top down management styles. Managers must lead. If you have someone down lower on the company org chart, their job is to shut up and follow orders.
I found it particularly disturbing that the photo caption reads "New MIT research may explain why you need to work Saturday?" Typical management thinking. We'll just mandate overtime and get 20% more innovation out of the grunts.
Defeat is built into the system (Score:5, Insightful)
In a large corporation, perfectly daft decisions get made daily as managers try and jockey for position and cover their asses. Actual innovative work comes fourth or fifth level down in priority, and is only done when absolutely necessary with a mandate from above.
And so, IT resources are scattered across the globe, rather than in the building. Purchasing $100.01 worth of cables goes through a three week approval process. Mission critical departments and server assets are suddenly "orphaned" with no single point of authority. Witless HR drones write job requirements that ask for "5 years experience in Windows 8 App programming." The managers who implement these changes get their bonus for cost savings, and then are gone in a year, never having to live with the consequences.
So what's the point in having a good idea, or being innovative in those circumstances when anything that doesn't server the political purposes of a manager gets quashed even before it's started?
An entrepreneur, in contrast, tells the IT person to go down to Best Buy and pick up the cables and give the bill to accounting and let them sort it out, the servers are attended to. Employees are selected for real skills by people who can reason and think and bonuses get linked to real improvements and productivity, not just what can be described in a bean counter's spreadsheet. The entrepreneur has to really perform. All a manager has to do is stay in place.
Executive Assistants (Score:2)
The best secretaries and exec assistants are not employed to help a manager do their job-- and their job as parent stated, is NOT to innovate or make waves but to climb the corporate ladder - and naturally, proper procedures must be followed because their jobs have largely turned into enforcers of foolish policy bloat. If you've seen top secretaries and exec assistants at work you should realize they do a bulk of the actual work.
Also, Execs can more easily take credit for the work and ideas of others than
No Incentive to Innovate on the Management Side... (Score:2)
George Bernard Shaw (Score:4, Insightful)
Innovating better is assumption of article (Score:1)
It is the article and the post that says that entrepreneurs innovate better. They are referencing "common knowledge". Based on later quotes in the article the research does not appear to make any such claim. The research just seems to be that they are creating more emotionally. Whether this is an advantage in anyway is an open question. Certainly you can hardly be impressed by innovation of the "snuggie". It is possible that thinking emotionally and artistically might allow an entrepreneur to think further
I am an innovative manager. (Score:5, Interesting)
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You should consider this recent innovation called a paragraph break.
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Maybe you should manage to innovate paragraphs next time, then.
And the answer to this stupid question is... (Score:2)
... entrepreneurs have SKIN IN THE GAME.
That's why.
simpler than that (Score:1)
entrepreneurs are your vigilante's
manager's are the police
one goes out and seeks justice "from their view"
the other tries follow procedure to the "letter of the law"
that is, entrepreneurs tend not to give a shit about the ramifications til long after they get the result they want
Because MIT is comparing Apples and Oranges (Score:2)
MIT's study is flawed. Entrepreneurs aren't better innovators than managers. Successful entrepreneurs may be better innovators, but not entrepreneurs taken as a whole. Since over half of all small businesses fail, if you include those numbers in the base, then entrepreneurs are not more successful.
To succeed, you have to first have an idea. Then you have to be able to capitalize on that idea. Unless you are already very successful, most entrepreneurs have to bring in outside capital which means they also gi
source? (Score:1)
Has anyone else tried to pull the original source material? I can't find the MIT release, and this paper linked to from the bottom of the networkworld article* doesn't seem to have the information I'm looking for. The skeptic in me wanted to find out 1.) what they chose for 'risk' model behavior - the 4 arm bandit choice between 4 slot machines with different pay out ratios; 2.) how they operationalized risk - 'explorative' behavior was when they chose a different slot machine from the previous trial, and
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I should qualify I was also unable to find other papers published by Zollo through google.com/scholar that the networkworld post could have sourced.
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You've got it backwards (Score:2)
People who tend to be drawn towards risk-taking, who have tremendous focus, and who are excellent self-motivators tend to become entrepreneurs. People who are organized (and good at organizing), who have a talent for seeing things at the macro level, and who are good at sort of assembling and handling lots of moving parts tend to become managers of one kind or another.
And in reality, successful entrepreneurs are also good at managing people and resources, just as great managers are creative problem-solvers
Duuh (Score:2)
Why Do Entrepreneurs Innovate Better Than Managers?
Because they are entrepreneurs, not managers, perhaps?
Mischaracterization again! (Score:5, Insightful)
Obvious answers. (Score:2, Interesting)
1: Superior Motivation. Entrepreneurs either have their reputation at stake, or their livelihoods. Managers have neither.
2: Training. Managers are trained to avoid risk by laying down and following processes and procedures. Entrepreneurs aren't as good at quantifying the risks associated with any given move, however, most managers, for reason #3, attempt to avoid uncomfortable changes to the status quo once established. That's a fatal flaw, as the lack of maneuverability and aggressiveness can result
On the contrary (Score:2)
On the contrary, managers simply have less brain power to actually commit to such things. They're more preoccupied with the trappings of their life - golf, their new Cadillac SUV, where they're going to lunch, football season, more golf - to dedicate much brainpower to things like work.
Ideas and stability (Score:1)
Internalized vs. Externalized Risk (Score:2)
Entrepreneurs achieve greater innovation because they take many risks. They fail a great deal of the time, too, so they have to know how to externalize risk or game the system so that risk is not felt as directly. "Screwed up? Write it off and try something else!"
Managers, on the other hand, are typically *in* the system with genuine and figurative audits coming from up the ladder, their employees, and their colleagues. In management, risk has less reward potential while steady (bearish) gains are better fo
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That's how probability works. Uncertainty is related to the absolute random sample size. Not to its relationship to the overall population.
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...Do the same tests on Chinese vs American scientists when they develop hypothesis and make plans/estimations for future experiments....
That may be very revealing. People in science widely acknowledge that the Chinese training form creates diligent uninspired thinking that focuses on large experiments making small jumps in progress, and that American scientists are more creative and less methodical, doing smaller experiments that make larger jumps.
This is a generalization. Not an absolute.
Since most "American" scientists are really scientists from all over the world working in America, I'd say it's not so much a question of the type of training (which many of those have gotten elsewhere), as it is a question of the type of working conditions. There are few fields where freedom is as important for good results as in science.