Catch up on stories from the past week (and beyond) at the Slashdot story archive

 



Forgot your password?
typodupeerror
×
NASA It's funny.  Laugh. Space

NASA In Colbert Conundrum Over Space Station 398

After Stephen Colbert won the vote in NASA's contest to name a new module on the International Space Station, NASA found itself in a tough spot. According to Reuters, "Contest rules stipulate that the agency retains the right to basically do whatever it wants," but it may not be all that easy. At first NASA floated the idea of naming the new module's toilet "Colbert." But Last Thursday Congressman Chaka Fattah, D-Pa., urged the agency to respect the people's wishes. And Colbert turned up the heat on yesterday's weekly show: "So NASA, I urge you to heed Congressman Fattah's call for democracy in orbit. Either name that node after me, or I too will reject democracy and seize power as space's evil tyrant overlord. Ball's in your court."
This discussion has been archived. No new comments can be posted.

NASA In Colbert Conundrum Over Space Station

Comments Filter:
  • by Anonymous Coward on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @07:57AM (#27414237)

    I'm sorry, if NASA wants to give in, then fine, but at this point Colbert has reached the level of 4Chan for these pranks.

    First he changes Wikipedia, then he gets a bridge in Hungary named after him, now a Space Station module.

    There is NO reason why NASA should bother, and I'm getting bloody sick of his internet vandalism.

  • by fudgefactor7 ( 581449 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @07:59AM (#27414255)
    You have no sense of fun at all.
  • Would be Great PR. (Score:5, Insightful)

    by arthurpaliden ( 939626 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @08:01AM (#27414271)
    If NASA were smart they would name the thing "Colbert" and encurage the chap to do a "ISS Report" or similar NASA/space oriented report on his show at regular intervals. Keep space research in front of the people. Even to the point of reporting on NASA's own humorous internal mistakes/problems/gaffs with actual data supplied by NASA. National / International attention and it costs them nothing.
  • NASA (Score:5, Insightful)

    by Ferret96 ( 1293480 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @08:07AM (#27414327)
    I understand why NASA put a clause into the rules stating that it can do whatever it wants... There needs to be a way out in case some yahoos try to name the station something inappropriate, however there is nothing wrong with Colbert. It's one thing to put the literature into the rules to make sure that the name of the new module isn't "Enola Bay" and another thing to just change the name on a whim because a few people at NASA were hoping on "Serenity". Sounds a little petty to me.
  • by owlnation ( 858981 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @08:17AM (#27414391)

    I'm getting bloody sick of his internet vandalism.

    Get back to the dungeons of wikipedia where you belong, and don't forget to polish the jackboots from your Fahrenheit 451 Fireman's uniform.

    Name the station "Colbert".

    The publicity will only do NASA good. It will help popularize space funding amongst an audience of political science students -- and likely future politicians, as well as a whole bunch of other people who simply don't care. Stephen is a friend of NASA, his audience isn't comprised of space geeks on the whole. Having Stephen get them interested in Space is a damned good thing. There is no loss in naming the station after him, no especial advantage in naming it serenity or anything else, but there is a substantial gain in naming it Colbert -- it just makes sense.

  • by Bearhouse ( 1034238 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @08:17AM (#27414395)

    More proof, if any were needed, that NASA is totally clueless about external communication & PR.
    Any kind of PR pro would have predicted this - its not like it has never happened before in public naming competitions and even elections.

    So, suck it up guys. As another poster has pointed out, play the game and make it work for you.

    What I cannot understand, though is why, in these cash-strapped times, they did not auction the name off? Could have raised some much-needed funds.

  • Tough spot? (Score:5, Insightful)

    by Scutter ( 18425 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @08:18AM (#27414399) Journal

    Even after reading the article, I still fail to grok what the "tough spot" is. Is it just that they don't want to name it "Colbert"? That's not a tough spot, that's just obstinance.

  • by bhima ( 46039 ) * <Bhima.Pandava@DE ... com minus distro> on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @08:20AM (#27414409) Journal

    Given the Nature of the Colbert Report, I think they'd get a lot more millage out naming the toilet of him. I think his fans would really enjoy their artificial outrage... or at least I know I would.

    Besides, I voted for Serenity

  • by gEvil (beta) ( 945888 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @08:20AM (#27414413)
    If NASA were smart they would name the thing "Colbert" and encurage the chap to do a "ISS Report" or similar NASA/space oriented report on his show at regular intervals. Keep space research in front of the people. Even to the point of reporting on NASA's own humorous internal mistakes/problems/gaffs with actual data supplied by NASA. National / International attention and it costs them nothing.

    While I don't disagree with the idea, aren't they pretty much getting this for free from Colbert already? Sure, there isn't a regular segment, but he definitely does report a fair bit on the goings on at NASA.
  • by Red Flayer ( 890720 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @08:38AM (#27414557) Journal

    Why should the ISS be any different? Screw it. It's all a joke, a sick joke, and a nation as feckless and emotional as ours deserves nothing better than a goddamn joke on one of our finer accomplishments.

    Better a joke than stupid hero worship (I'm looking at you, Reagan International Airport). At least a joke name indicates that there is some thought going on.

    Seriously, why shouldn't we honor someone who has helped millions of young Americans (1) enter the political discussion and (2) become aware of government folly. Colbert's more important to the zeitgeist than Serenity, that's for sure.

  • Re:NASA (Score:5, Insightful)

    by v1 ( 525388 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @08:44AM (#27414607) Homepage Journal

    I wouldn't be surprised if they justify things by saying simply that the people that were actually interested in naming the module, voted Serenity, and that was the point of the vote, not to see who could dig up the most voters for unrelated reasons. Really, they didn't vote to name the module after Colbert, they voted to do what Colbert asked them to do, with absolutely no interest in what it was.

    Based on that it would seem like a good compromise to name the module Serenity, yet name some significant part or component of the module after Colbert.

    Because really in 2 months very few of those that voted Cobert are going to care one way or the other about it, they'll have already moved on to Colbert's next PR stunt. There's no reason for the rest of the planet to be stuck with the stunt's legacy. The people that voted Serenity do care and have an interest in its future.

    This is probably the first time I have EVER seen anything even remotely approaching a good justification-by-example for the electoral college.

  • That is the sound of the significance of this event breaking the sound barrier as it passes over your head.

    Colbert is a satirist. His job is to lampoon the establishment, popular culture, fad, etc, etc. He has just lampooned public voting competitions, which have been in vogue of late. Internet, SMS, email, telephone based, it doesn't matter. The bottom line is that these "votes" are little more than popularity contests decided by people with too much free time and little else to do with it. Colbert has simply shown how inherently vulnerable these votes are to manipulation. PZ Myers [pbs.org] has been doing this sort of thing for years.

    Public poll competitions are a thinly disguised publicity stunt. Frequently, they simply demean and trivialize the event they are promoting. In the case of NASA, this poll has been a farce from day one. Even before Colbert, justifiably, entered the competition, the top contender for the module's name was "Serenity", an obvious reference to a recent sci-fi/fantasy show.

    This was a billion dollar module meant for serious scientific research and NASA, itself a multi-billion dollar publicly funded institution, had chosen as it's first choice of name, that of a fictional spaceship from some bubblegum space opera made for teenagers, which pays only lip service to scientific fact and theory. This was a (supposedly) serious scientific and educational organization about to name a space station component after something that has never and can never exist. The level of unprofessionalism beggars belief.

    What is anyone supposed to think of NASA after such a stunt? Is the whole organisation composed of people who base their ideas on TV shows and loopy ideas instead of hard theory? Considering the organization's continued stance on the Space Elevator concept, despite its proven absurdity over the course of over 50 years, I would have to say that, yes NASA is composed of juveniles who have their heads in the clouds and no idea how to get their actual bodies up there.

    For get "Xenu". "Serenity" was and is the real problem. Frankly, Colbert has stepped in and dignified the proceedings by finally putting and end to the debacle. NASA will save itself a lot of face in the long run by naming the module "Colbert" as a reminder of their own folly. Naming it "Serenity" would be a permanent stain on whatever dignity the organization is supposed to have.

    And organisation that allows idle tweenagers, teenagers and twenagers to name space modules, rockets, or satellites is an organisation that has no right to send such things into orbit.

  • by Agrivane ( 150553 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @08:48AM (#27414661)

    Didn't Serenity get a lot of votes because of its fan-base as well?

    http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0379786/ (the film)

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenity_(Firefly_vessel) (from the TV show)
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenity_(film)

    Probably not so much because of:
    http://www.serenity-band.com/ (the Austrian Metal band)

    While the relief a toilet can enable, and that quiet time alone (hopefully it's a room with a view of the planet) could be described as Serenity, I doubt that is what voters were thinking.

  • Re:NASA (Score:4, Insightful)

    by Binestar ( 28861 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @09:02AM (#27414807) Homepage

    They voted. Colbert just did good campaigning. Or do you think people who see a campaign ad and vote based on that aren't valid votes either?

  • The thing is, Republicans tend to be bigger spenders on space than Democrats, particularly manned space flight. Democrats tend to argue that putting people in space is a luxury and we should be spending money on the poor, or, pursue unmanned flights for the science.

    Republicans tend to argue that manned space flight is a national security thing. It doesn't hurt the cause that two of the largest Nasa facilities are in traditionally Republican areas - Texas and Florida.

    IF you name this station after a liberal, you may as well push the dang thing into the atmosphere,for all the support that it will get.

  • by Midnight Thunder ( 17205 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @09:29AM (#27415055) Homepage Journal

    I'm sorry, if NASA wants to give in, then fine, but at this point Colbert has reached the level of 4Chan for these pranks.

    So am I, but on the other hand if this gets the space station back into the mind of the general public, they there may just be an up side, and a lesson learnt.

  • by aonaran ( 15651 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @09:44AM (#27415267) Homepage

    Living? It could still be called Colbert and named after Stephen's great-grandfather.

  • by Attila Dimedici ( 1036002 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @09:50AM (#27415399)
    What would be the point? The people who watch/listen to Colbert don't vote in real elections.
  • by Anonymous Coward on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @10:00AM (#27415619)
    ah, the impotent rage of a slashdot AC frothing and shitting all over themselves in futile self-righteousness.
  • by Trent Hawkins ( 1093109 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @10:02AM (#27415685)

    the russains can't use Colbert the toilet

    Fair enough, from now on americans can't hide in the Soyus module.

  • by jollyreaper ( 513215 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @10:09AM (#27415867)

    This was a billion dollar module meant for serious scientific research and NASA, itself a multi-billion dollar publicly funded institution, had chosen as it's first choice of name, that of a fictional spaceship from some bubblegum space opera made for teenagers, which pays only lip service to scientific fact and theory.

    Fact #1: The test airframe of the Shuttle Orbiter was named Enterprise after a write-in campaign by Trekkies. Precedent has been set.
    Fact #2: There's no sound in space in Firefly, which is better than 99% of science fiction shows depict. Show some love.
    Fact #3: NASA could dearly use a Colbert bump.
    Fact #4: Firefly kicked ass. Neer-neer.

    NASA should take this ball and run with it. It's lovely and whimsical farce that puts the agency in a mirthful light. One of the ISS astronauts already did a phone-in segment with Colbert. Last January we saw the clip of the Steelers fan up there waving his Terrible Towel in orbit.

    This is a win-win sort of thing. Costs nothing, hurts nothing, gives people a smile when they think of a government agency that's gotten more press for fuckups than successes of late. The only kind of person who could be against this is some humorless old shit.

  • by Anonymous Coward on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @10:13AM (#27415967)

    It's unprofessional? I don't think professionalism enters into it. It seems to me that anything that raises the profile of the space program in a good way is going to be a good thing, whether it's Firefly fans or Colbert fans that start paying more attention.
    Anyway, I didn't realize that it was actually named after that movie. Serenity seems a perfectly acceptable name regardless.

  • by DutchUncle ( 826473 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @10:17AM (#27416089)

    ... It doesn't hurt the cause that two of the largest Nasa facilities are in traditionally Republican areas - Texas and Florida.

    I think you're confusing cause and effect here. The facilities were located there in the first place, along with the prospect of the industries that would grow up nearby, in exchange for the congressional votes to fund them. (It helps that Florida has the most rotational spin of the continental US, being closest to the equator, but that's just a bonus.)

    It's a module, not the whole station. Name it, and take the publicity. Or make sensible rules, like we have for stamps and money, that we only name things for people dead long enough to have stable reputations. (gee, maybe that would help in other contexts as well . . .)

  • Satire. (Score:1, Insightful)

    by Anonymous Coward on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @10:27AM (#27416415)

    I could care less if they named the station after Colbert, in fact I think they should given that name won the vote.

    However, I'm curious to know what the reaction would have been if names like, let's say, Limbaugh or Hannity had won. I somehow have a feeling that people, at least around here, wouldn't be quite as supportive of the name.

    I find the Daily Show and Colbert Show amusing, but I find it somewhat troubling that people actually watch those shows for legitimate news and take them as great examples of satire. I have a hard time taking them seriously when their satire is selective to whatever viewpoints they don't agree with. At best, their shows are editorials presented in a comedic format.

    People who enjoy these shows really have no business criticizing shows on Foxnews, for example, given that ultimately it's the same thing.

    I've got no problem with those shows being on television, but I have a problem with the way people put the Daily Show and Colbert Report up on a pedestal.

  • by vadim_t ( 324782 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @10:35AM (#27416669) Homepage

    Ha. You live in a strange world if you think giving something a name will suddenly make it popular. For a week, maybe. Then everybody will forget about it.

    The reason space isn't as popular as it used to be is that nothing interesting is being done. Back when it got started it was very exciting. America vs the USSR. Things that had never been done before, being done with machines built on monumental scales. Lots of risk and danger, but lots of potential fame and prestige.

    Now? Things got stuck. Companies launch satellites into orbit regularly. The space station has been in orbit for quite some time. People go up there to do experiments that are of little interest to most people. Nothing groundbreaking seems to be worked on. Hell, the "lock several people into a small capsule to see how a mission to Mars would go" experiment seems more exciting than experimenting with worms at the space station. The first is much easier and low tech than the second, but at least there's a big and worthy goal in sight, which is a lot more interesting than shuffling stuff between ground and orbit.

  • Re:Humor in Space (Score:5, Insightful)

    by GargamelSpaceman ( 992546 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @10:39AM (#27416837) Homepage Journal

    I think Colber[t] actually pronounces his name as ColberT in private. This is based on me catching him one time on air saying ColberT when there was no comic reason for him to do so. ( I hate saying there's no comic reason for something since there is always the possibility that a joke flew by undetected ) It's unlikely that someone who had always pronounced their name one way would slip, though not impossible.

    The name of a pod has no effect on it's usefulness. It's just a freaking name! Being named Colbert or Xenu (which would have been funnier than Colbert) is really immaterial to any science, like studying the effects of weightlessness on Twinkie shelf life, that they do up there.

    What's wrong with humor in space? It's part of putting people in space. Humor and satire comes with them.

    It's interesting to wonder about who exactly is pissed about a space station module being named Colbert.. Xenu would have been easy to dismiss for religious tolerance reasons, even people who hate scientology may legitimately be offended by someone poking fun at them, but the name Colbert isn't obviously offensive in any way. Yet the offense exists, or there would be no challenge to the nodule being named Colbert. The interesting question is who is being offended?

    Serenity seems to have less offense value than Colbert. If it had won on it's own merits, nobody would have objected, and it wouldn't have even made the news. The people who are offended by the nodule being named Colbert aren't offended by Serenity.

    I think there are people for whom space is sort of a religion. It's like a girl they've built up in their minds to some ideal that nobody can ever live up to. In their imagination, it has to them all the attributes they need it to have to be their holy land, the place where all their favorite sci-fi stories took place. And mere mortals can't go there - only NASA annointed astronaughts, so nothing ever happens there to destroy their preconceptions of the holy place.

    Yeah, it's a girl and a religion. The probes NASA sends are like these folks' dingaling. Naming one of their nodules Colbert is like painting their dingaling pink.

    These people need to snap out of it, and a pink dingaling paintjob is just the ticket. When and if people really start to live and work in space, outer space will offer just as many wedgies and swirlies to these people as earth has justly given them. These people need to realise this and work to correct the here and now, and not wait for the prophesised heavenly age of outer space where losers are cool for being losers. Believe me, the folks really doing things in space, aren't these people. They are winners of a game requiring non-loserness. The people these people worship are more like a boy band with a fanbase of stupid thirteen year old girls. These losers are the thirteen year old girls who have gone off the deep end - not the average fan. These losers are the drunken sports fans who paint their hairy chests, backs and beer bellies blue to cheer on their favorite football team shirtless while it snows.

    Somehow, these people are being given more importance than they deserve. They are the base, they make the party. NASA uses these devout space-cultists as pillars of it's church. Without them, they'd have no cult. For that reason, NASA is afraid to alienate them. But that's exactly what they should do, since they alienate everyone else.

  • Re:NASA (Score:2, Insightful)

    by jcrousedotcom ( 999175 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @10:41AM (#27416925) Homepage
    Based on that theory, the current US President shouldn't be in office or for that matter, any of the folks that got elected and spent any money on campaigning.

    I was aware that Cobert wanted to get the module named after him, yet it was my *opinion* to not do what he was suggesting.

    Besides, I wrote in CmdrTaco.

    :)
  • by CrimsonAvenger ( 580665 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @11:20AM (#27417975)

    Right now the southern and agrarian ideas of free trade carry the day but the thing is, any study of history shows that free trade and a lack of workers rights makes you lose wars. Just ask the south.

    The South lose, in large part, because they had 1/2 the population of the North.

    Then there was the railroad thing - the South didn't have much, and what it did wasn't connected conveniently for internal travel by rail.

    And of course the lack of heavy industry - no cannon foundries means no cannons but what can be bought overseas.

    And the State's Rights issues made federal level taxation nearly impossible, so the Confederacy had a bitch of a time paying for food, weapons, ammo for their armies. Which is why the Confederate armies were starving in the midst of a prosperous agrarian society.

    Lot of reasons the South lost. Free Trade wasn't among them, nor was lack of workers' rights (note that they were significantly absent in the Union, Europe, and basically everywhere at that time).

  • by Angus McNitt ( 542101 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @11:23AM (#27418031)
    Civil War was about States rights vs the rights of the Federal Government. Slavery just was the right that was most publicly in contention. In the North, it made an easy target; "See the evil slave holders!" In the South, from most historical accounts, it was more a of "Leave us alone. It's our decision." These were issues that went all the way back to the Revolutionary War and the Articles of Confederation. It's no accident that the South took the name of Confederate States of America. They wanted a strong State government with a weaker Federal one. The North favored a stronger Federal and a weaker State.

    Even if you look at how people identified themselves abroad back then. Northerners usually referred to them selves as Americans or from the US. Southerners usually referred to them selves as coming from a state, like "I am a Virginian". This was a social dynamic that would have come to a head eventually. Mass media and Lincoln just brought it to a head.

    Anyway the anti-slavery acts (commonly called the Emancipation Proclamation) wasn't created till after the war already started. If you wanted to be cynical, you could say that it may have been done, not for the betterment of man, but to incite revolt in the CSA. If the slaves thought that hindering the CSA would by them freedom, then they might rise up against their government. Fighting an uprising at home not only saps troops from the front to fight it, but also has a sizable effect on troops moral.

    The economics was also a lot more complex then that. Prior to mechanization, manpower was the only way to get things farmed or done. The south needed masses of manpower, and slavery was the cheapest way to do it. Freeing the slaves was seen as depriving those slave owners of their economic livelihood. To the mechanized north, the need for slave labor wasn't a high, so it ddn't have the same economic weight.

    Protectionism didn't win the war for the North any more then free trade or workers rights made the South lose it. What wins wars historically is three things, beans, boots, and bullets. Or to put it more succinctly, resources. The South lost because it needed to import most of it finished goods. The North didn't. The only goods it needed where some raw materials, but those were available to them after the opening months of the war because of their ability to create finished goods. And that same ability allowed them to cut off the South from their trading partners.

    If I may paraphrase: If you don't think that resources are important to fighting and winning a war, just ask Germany. Either Nazi or Imperial.
  • by iamnobody2 ( 859379 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @11:24AM (#27418051)
    Oh come on now! The entire point of the show is he's satire of self promoting grandstanding media figures, I have to tell you this? He's also broadcast on cable in the US as well, right after The Daily Show, which he used to on. I think many of the people who don't like Colbert simply think he's being serious, when he's simply being incredibly serious about the satire. Only the court jester can tell the whole truthiness.
  • by salange ( 126595 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @11:27AM (#27418121)

    Any kind of PR pro would have predicted this - its not like it has never happened before in public naming competitions and even elections.

    They did predict it- they made a rule ahead of time to make sure they retained control over the name in such an event.

    So, suck it up guys. As another poster has pointed out, play the game and make it work for you.

    They sent a spokesman on the Colbert Report to play along with Stephen even as they got the word out about the space station. All Stephen's viewers, anyone reading news reports about this "controversy," and everyone in this thread, are all learning about the ISS as well. I'd say NASA has made it work for them quite nicely.

  • Disgree (Score:5, Insightful)

    by tjstork ( 137384 ) <todd.bandrowsky@ ... UGARom minus cat> on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @11:33AM (#27418267) Homepage Journal

    Even if you look at how people identified themselves abroad back then. Northerners usually referred to them selves as Americans or from the US.

    Hmmm, no actually it was common up North to be affiliated with one's state. Remember that states were actually responsible for raising forces for the union army back then. So you would have the New York and the PA and Massachusetts units all joining.

    Civil War was about States rights vs the rights of the Federal Government. Slavery just was the right that was most publicly in contention. In the North, it made an easy target; "See the evil slave holders!" I

    You know, I used to think so too, but the smoking gun for slavery is the confederate constitution. When the USA rebelled against the King, they put into the constitution things a system of government to prevent such abuses. When the South rebelled, they KEPT the US Constitution, and only altered it so that they were allowed to keep slaves.

    Protectionism didn't win the war for the North any more then free trade or workers rights made the South lose it. What wins wars historically is three things, beans, boots, and bullets. Or to put it more succinctly, resources. The South lost because it needed to import most of it finished goods. The North didn't.

    Point is, those industries do not exist unless they were protected. If those industries do not exist, the North is in the same boat as the South. But the North pursued a policy of developing native industrialization through protectionism, got the industry, and won the war. Protectionism worked.

  • by GodfatherofSoul ( 174979 ) on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @12:35PM (#27419605)
    I'm assuming that you're a Southerner with a heritage of sharing wonderful stories of your great great Grandaddy's heroic exploits in the Civil War.
    • The Civil War was about slavery. "States' Rights" was a euphemism for letting states continue to practice slavery. Just as it became a euphemism for segretation.
    • The South wanted a confederation so that the central government couldn't tell them to stop practicing slavery.
    • The South ceded because anti-Slavery Lincoln was elected. Anti-slavery Lincoln then then did what anti-slavery Lincoln said he would AFTER he was elected. Of course the Emancipation Proclamation was signed after the war started.
    • Countries have practiced industrial scale agriculture for a hell of a long time without slaves. Slavery wasn't "necessary." By your logic, the North should have been using slaves in textile mills and factories.
    • Protectionism is why the South is so far behind the rest of the states.

    BTW, I'm from South Carolina so I'm quite used to all the rationalized arguments from Southerners trying to explain why worshipping the flag of a pro-slavery insurrection is cool and really patriotic. "Heritage not hate," huh?

  • by alizard ( 107678 ) <alizard&ecis,com> on Wednesday April 01, 2009 @04:30PM (#27423425) Homepage
    He's given NASA a couple of segments on his show which were essentially humorous promotional pieces, one of which was an interview with the ISS astronauts. That's more than you will ever do for either NASA or the space program.

A morsel of genuine history is a thing so rare as to be always valuable. -- Thomas Jefferson

Working...