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Comments: 165 +-   Researchers Identify Phantom Limb Brain Activity on Sunday March 29 2009, @01:38PM

Posted by kdawson on Sunday March 29 2009, @01:38PM
from the little-bit-to-the-left dept.
science
mmmscience writes "Researchers in Switzerland think they had identified the regions of the brain responsible for creating phantom limbs and the senses that go along with them. Scientists studied a stroke victim who claimed that the phantom limb of her now-paralyzed left arm could do a number of things a normal limb could do, including 'scratch an itch on her head, with an actual sense of relief.'"
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  • Yes but... (Score:3, Funny)

    by Anonymous Coward on Sunday March 29 2009, @01:42PM (#27380765)
    What explains phantom brain slashdot moderation?
    • by owlnation (858981) on Sunday March 29 2009, @03:08PM (#27381399)

      What explains phantom brain slashdot moderation?

      Dunno about that, but I suspect phantom limbs may explain "first post". Or maybe phantom brain explains that better.

  • by Anonymous Coward on Sunday March 29 2009, @01:42PM (#27380773)

    Can you masturbate with a phantom limb?

    • If you use the left part of your brain, it feels like someone else is doing it.

    • by Fumus (1258966) on Sunday March 29 2009, @01:57PM (#27380903)
      "Look! No hands!"
    • by Anonymous Coward on Sunday March 29 2009, @02:11PM (#27381019)

      Anything that you have physically experienced once can be replicated with enough focus and mental dedication.

      For lay people, the number of times they engaged in the activity with the now absent limb should impact the ability to recreate the sensations assuming they use an entry-level, single-instance recursion method for manifestation. This method would involve identifying one remembered masturbatory experience, and then recursing on the memory - initially focusing on one aspect of sense memory (ie: olfactory, visual, etc..), and adding sense detail with each iteration.

      It should be noted that persons not already suffering from socialization issues should avoid cultivating the ability to completely self-satisfy, as this can lead to all sorts of socialization issues.

        • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

          by Anonymous Coward

          Everything is fantasy when you are dealing with memories, but I take your point. Here is a brief explanation of the mechanism for single-instance recursion - it is not for everyone.

          Single-instance recursion works for creating the orgasm trigger in individuals with a large number of instances to draw from because reconstructive recursion upon a single memory results in a super-realistic composite memory - the formation and subsequent experience of which can result in both sexual climax without physical stim

    • Can you masturbate with a phantom limb?

      Yes, and you can type stupid replies with them, as well!

    • Can you masturbate with a phantom limb?

      Dunno, but apparently some girls [gadgetmadness.com] can do some pretty interesting things with one.

  • Like Gil "The Arm" (Score:5, Interesting)

    by CRCulver (715279) <crculver@christopherculver.com> on Sunday March 29 2009, @01:43PM (#27380787) Homepage
    In Larry Niven's Gil "The Arm" Hamilton stories (collected in Flatlander [amazon.com] ), the protagonist lost his arm in an accident, but found that without the physical arm he had developed telekinesis with the remaining phantom hand feeling. This persisted after he got a new arm transplanted, so he had in effect three arms. Now, one can discount Niven's interest in the paranormal, peculiar for a writer usually lauded for the believable science of his stories. But I'd be interested to know if in reality the feeling of a phantom limb would persist even after a new prosthetic or even human transplant were added.
    • by mikelieman (35628) on Sunday March 29 2009, @01:49PM (#27380833) Homepage

      Or like -- The Phantom Limb!

      "He wears a lot of purple for a white guy. ..."

    • by OG (15008) on Sunday March 29 2009, @02:30PM (#27381139)

      I'd guess no. I believe it was V.S. Ramachandran who demonstrated that he could fool the brain into getting rid of phantom limb pain by using mirrors so that the visual system interpreted the remaining limb as being the missing limb (which leads into questions about blind people and phantom limbs, for which I don't have the answer and am too lazy to look it up). If one had an appendage that looked like an arm doing the things the brain was commanding the arm to do(and possibly requiring some tactile feedback as well), the brain would probably just interpret that appendage as the missing limb instead of creating a representation as a 3d arm.

      Or I could be totally wrong. Wouldn't be the first time.

    • In fact the kind of phantom limb studied in this article is not the kind most people are familiar with, due to amputation. This is a "supernumerary phantom limb". In SPL, the patient still has both arms, but after stroke experiences a third, additional arm. The nice thing about this methodologically is that they can compare imagination of movements with the existing paralyzed arm to the experienced movements of the SPL. How much of this applies to the more "typical" phantom limb is an important questi
      • by Doctor Morbius (1183601) on Sunday March 29 2009, @02:59PM (#27381339)
        There is no scientific evidence that supports parapsychology. All those links are nothing but pseudoscience and consist of books written by crackpots and cranks who understand nothing about the scientific method.
      • by koiransuklaa (1502579) on Sunday March 29 2009, @03:07PM (#27381393)

        I have to wonder, if there is a large body of science behind paranormal events, why don't the scientists cash in on the Randi Million Dollar challenge (or any of the several dozen smaller ones that are out there, if Randis requirements are too hard)? I can't believe that research grants in the field of paranormal studies are so easily available that the researchers just can't be bothered...

        • Phantom limbs, despite the name, are not paranormal and we have a basic understanding of them. The parent had the right idea about Ramachandran's research--he used a visual illusion to cure phantom limb pain in subjects.

          Phantom limbs exist because the body has a sense of positioning and actually existing. To illustrate this, sit on your leg until it "falls asleep" and try to walk around. Your pinched nerve will not report positioning correctly and you'll have an interesting time walking around. You migh

        • I have to wonder, if there is a large body of science behind paranormal events, why don't the scientists cash in on the Randi Million Dollar challenge (or any of the several dozen smaller ones that are out there, if Randis requirements are too hard)?

          Too hard? It's got nothing to do with 'hard'. It has to do with Randi being a dick who will do anything in his power to not know what he doesn't want to know. The man has the thundering ego of a. . , well, a stage magician whose reputation and sense of self-w

          • I'm not entirely sure what you are rambling on about, but, the guy and his rules seem pretty simple to me: Come in and prove you can do whatever it is you claim you can do, under our conditions, those conditions also being fairly straight forward. No cheating.

            So, aside from your word, which is nothing short of one big "Citation Needed", I'm going to see "1 (one) million dollars, verified in a bank account, just waiting to be had", along with a sensible set of rules that should be absolutely no problem at al

            • by Fantastic Lad (198284) on Monday March 30 2009, @02:58AM (#27385297)

              So, aside from your word, which is nothing short of one big "Citation Needed", I'm going to see "1 (one) million dollars, verified in a bank account, just waiting to be had", along with a sensible set of rules that should be absolutely no problem at all for anyone having a talent of this kind, and conclude that you are either scorned because you failed it, or just incapable of understanding others might be a tad cynical of those who come with extraordinary claims.

              And this is exactly how I felt about things as well until I went to explore the claims and counter-claims surrounding Randi.

              Clearly, you have not done this. Why?

              --That's a rhetorical "Why?" which I answered in my previous post. Citations are useful and they are out certainly available, but you are not asking for one; you are challenging with a chin-jutting attitude. What does this say about what you really want?

              What do I 'win' by convincing you, other than perhaps your respect and that of society's in general? The thing is, I no longer crave society's respect (and certainly not yours) due to the work I have done in re-writing the programming in my own mind. --The combative "Jury Box" system of truth discernment is a feature of our world which has been sold to us through television with the broad suggestion that it can and should be applied in all instances including the scientific forum, but this is not the case. Here's an interesting fact: Many of the forces which exist beyond the walls of 'official culture' have to do with one's state of consciousness, and can be affected and indeed blocked through an application of intent and strong will. If you don't want to see something, then in a surprising number of cases, it is entirely possible to trick yourself into not seeing it. You can even prevent others from seeing. There are a vast number of phenomenon like this.

              As for the win/lose method of knowledge distribution. . .

              I've already 'won' by increasing my knowledge. Yow win nothing by fortifying ignorance. But we are taught that "Winning = Not Getting the Ego Bruised". "Being Wrong" has been attached with a powerful negative emotional cost hammered into us all through an education system which pitted children against one another through the tactic of age segregation. Age segregation makes it so that leaders are not readily found within groups, thus increasing the competition among children to very high levels while never allowing for a clear 'winner'. One result is that of, "Jocks v.s. Geeks". --The result being a shell-shocked geek community which grows into adulthood with deeply set baggage wrt losing face in any kind of contest. Thus the attaining of knowledge comes in at a distant second to being Right At All Cost. (And when I say, "Right" I do not mean, "Factually Correct". I mean "In line with the official version".) --The age segregation and the combat it forces children to undergo makes knowledge given by authority figures (like the TV) the only safe way of accumulating data because the data given is not accompanied by a sense of guilt or defeat in not previously knowing, but rather a warm-fuzzy feeling. So if you can control the media, and you also control the knowledge stream because the population will police itself, allowing no new knowledge to arise from its peers. The only thing geeks are allowed to say is simply a repetition of what TV's and various other globally recognized media authority figures have stated as being 'true'.

              -FL

          • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

            In short, if you want to know, go look; nobody is going to go to the trouble of providing anything for you if you can't be bothered to invest the energy to put in the requisite work through exploring. If you don't want to know, then carry on as you are.

            I'm one of those people who really, really wants magic to be real. Sadly, I'm not an idiot, and so I can't just wish upon a star and then tell myself it worked - I have to actually try and test it. Every single time I've found something that looks like it *might* be working, any remotely rigorous testing shows it's just imagination and confirmation bias.

            Hell, at one stage my Dad was insisting he could feel peoples' auras by waving his hands around. This went on for months until I finally stood in front of

            • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

              Listen, feel free to believe in anything you like. I'm not stopping you in any way. I'm not even demanding you to prove your beliefs true. The original poster started talking about science, however, and that's when I do start asking for results reproduced by independent parties.

              The poster I was responding to brought James Randi into the equation. James Randi is not a man of science.

              I'm as fascinated by the scientific method as you are, but I do think it is important to distinguish between real science and

      • there is in fact a large body of believable science supporting the existence of paranormal effects

        Doesn't that, by definition, make them not paranormal? As in, normal?

        But anyway, there's a large body of evidence that a woman who'd never, like, you know, "done it", could have a son who was able to synthesise ethanolic beverages directly from dihydrogen monoxide.

        (For suitably small values of large)

  • by backwardMechanic (959818) on Sunday March 29 2009, @01:50PM (#27380845) Homepage
    Vacuous lack of information? What's this 'scientists in Switzerland' rubbish? We may not be the biggest country, but it would be polite to say which scientists, even where. For anyone that cares, the study was led by Asaid Khateb, a neuropsychologist at Geneva University Hospitals. Published in the Annals of Nuerology, abstract here: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122269076/abstract [wiley.com]
    • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

      You clearly know how hyperlinking works, so what are you complaining about? Or is the slashdot summary supposed to contain all information that might be interesting to anyone? TFA is pretty heavily linked to the sources... anyone who cares will find the study authors.

        • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

          Gotcha, sorry I was snarky.

          But the bottom of the article does say "The study was led by Asaid Khateb of Geneva University Hospitals and was published in a recent issue of Annals of Neurology."

          I think the links to press releases are because that site (examiner.com) seems to make it's money by funneling traffic to its clients, in this case apparently eurekalert.org. Just my guess :)

    • But the abstract you cite is even more vacuous. It reference patients, particularly a 'non-deluded woman', without even telling us what country they are in.

  • by crescente (1334029) on Sunday March 29 2009, @02:10PM (#27381005)
    It's been long suspected in sports training that mentally practicing a skill is often as useful and productive as doing the real thing. fMRI supports this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_Practice_of_Action [wikipedia.org] The surprising thing to me is that she actually got relief from phantom-ly scratching herself. I suspect this is some placebo effect. Or related to why you can't tickle yourself.
    • by bwalling (195998) on Sunday March 29 2009, @02:15PM (#27381037) Homepage
      I'm surprised by the relief from scratching as well. My dad lost part of a finger and finds that when he gets an itch that he perceives to be in the missing part, he cannot scratch it.
    • I've just tried virtually scratching my head, but it didn't help. It really is only a placebo effect.
    • More related to why you can't tickle yourself. It is pretty well established now that the brain is in the business of predicting sensory events. With regards to touch, the activations in somatosensory cortex are very similar when you anticipate touch compared with when you actually experience it.
    • Which is speculated to be the purpose of dreaming
    • consider this new yorker piece:

      http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/06/30/080630fa_fact_gawande?currentPage=all [newyorker.com]

      basically, this poor woman's condition has bolstered neurologists rethinking of the itch sensation as something completely unrelated to pain. she had an incredibly rare "phantom itch". how disabling was it? she scratched THROUGH HER SKULL, until she was scratching brain matter

      she survived, in a debilitated condition, but she did better than her roommate, who, with a similar phantom itch, scratched through to his carotid, and killed himself

      read, for an especially horrifying insight into what its like to live with a phantom itch:

      "But I was desperate," M. told me. She let them operate on her, slicing the supraorbital nerve above the right eye. When she woke up, a whole section of her forehead was numb--and the itching was gone. A few weeks later, however, it came back, in an even wider expanse than before. The doctors tried pain medications, more psychiatric medications, more local anesthetic. But the only thing that kept M. from tearing her skin and skull open again, the doctors found, was to put a foam football helmet on her head and bind her wrists to the bedrails at night.

      She spent the next two years committed to a locked medical ward in a rehabilitation hospital--because, although she was not mentally ill, she was considered a danger to herself. Eventually, the staff worked out a solution that did not require binding her to the bedrails. Along with the football helmet, she had to wear white mitts that were secured around her wrists by surgical tape. "Every bedtime, it looked like they were dressing me up for Halloween--me and the guy next to me," she told me.

      "The guy next to you?" I asked. He had had shingles on his neck, she explained, and also developed a persistent itch. "Every night, they would wrap up his hands and wrap up mine." She spoke more softly now. "But I heard he ended up dying from it, because he scratched into his carotid artery."

      I met M. seven years after she'd been discharged from the rehabilitation hospital. She is forty-eight now. She lives in a three-room apartment, with a crucifix and a bust of Jesus on the wall and the low yellow light of table lamps strung with beads over their shades. Stacked in a wicker basket next to her coffee table were Rick Warren's "The Purpose Driven Life," People, and the latest issue of Neurology Now, a magazine for patients. Together, they summed up her struggles, for she is still fighting the meaninglessness, the isolation, and the physiology of her predicament.

      She met me at the door in a wheelchair; the injury to her brain had left her partially paralyzed on the left side of her body. She remains estranged from her children. She has not, however, relapsed into drinking or drugs. Her H.I.V. remains under control. Although the itch on her scalp and forehead persists, she has gradually learned to protect herself. She trims her nails short. She finds ways to distract herself. If she must scratch, she tries to rub gently instead. And, if that isn't enough, she uses a soft toothbrush or a rolled-up terry cloth. "I don't use anything sharp," she said. The two years that she spent bound up in the hospital seemed to have broken the nighttime scratching. At home, she found that she didn't need to wear the helmet and gloves anymore.

  • Could be useful (Score:5, Interesting)

    by MWoody (222806) on Sunday March 29 2009, @02:17PM (#27381049) Homepage

    Now that they've found it, I'd like to see if they could - though I understand such specific manipulation is no doubt a long way off - work on a way to stimulate the area artificially. The ability to build controllable phantom limbs could be of great use for interacting with virtual realities. Imagine, while still having full control of your senses and limbs, being able to walk around a second entirely separate world with an entirely separate body; a lucid, computer-assisted daydream, essentially.

    • Well, the phantom limb comes from having had a limb lopped off. I don't know about you, but I'd rather keep all of my limbs in real life than start chopping them off to play second life. (I haven't read the article. If I am wrong and it's an additional limb, fair does, and a cool idea)
  • A serious question (Score:5, Interesting)

    by Anonymous Coward on Sunday March 29 2009, @02:31PM (#27381149)

    Do male to female transexuals get phantom erections after the operation?

    • by Anonymous Coward on Sunday March 29 2009, @02:35PM (#27381193)

      Yes, we do.

      I'm just coming up to 3 years post-op. I no-longer get a phantom penis when awake, but I sometimes have something I call "the hermaphrodite dream", where I have both a penis and vagina. The first few times, it messed with my head a bit, but now I'm kinda OK with it, and it only happens once or twice a year.

      • by value_added (719364) on Sunday March 29 2009, @04:06PM (#27381783)

        I'm just coming up to 3 years post-op.

        Hopefully that's not a recommendation. I'd imagine if the average Slashdotter had their own breasts to fondle, they'd never leave their basements.

      • I sometimes have something I call "the hermaphrodite dream", where I have both a penis and vagina.

        Ob: well you can go and fuck yourself!

    • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

      Phantom limb usually happens in people that suddenly lose a limb. Like they wake up in the hospital after a particularly vicious night of drinking and are missing their arm or leg. Or they get their arm blown off in whichever war is currently being called 'the war'

      It mostly stems from the brain's need to be able to tell the exact position of limbs in relation to the rest of the body.

      The penis, usually being several inches long, is not at the top of the brain's priority when it comes to this. As a male, I

      • As a male, I can safely say that I have no idea what direction my penis is currently facing,

        I do 'cause I can feel it touching my ankle.

  • Watch this guy explain it and be amazed. The phantom Limb part comes in at around half way if I remember correctly. This was filmed in 2007 so ya old news. Vilayanur Ramachandran: A journey to the center of your mind http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/184 [ted.com]
  • Damn!

    (and damn the lameness filter, too!)

  • by MarkKnopfler (472229) on Sunday March 29 2009, @03:55PM (#27381725)

    Finally reaches the human brain...

Always store beer in a dark place. -- Lazarus Long