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The goal of the Hutter Prize is to encourage research in artificial intelligence (AI). The organizers believe that text compression and AI are equivalent problems. Hutter proved that the optimal behavior of a goal seeking agent in an unknown but computable environment is to guess at each step that the environment is controlled by the shortest program consistent with all interaction so far. Unfortunately, there is no general solution because Kolmogorov complexity is not computable. Hutter proved that in the restricted case (called AIXItl) where the environment is restricted to time t and space l, that a solution can be computed in time O(t2l), which is still intractable. Thus, AI remains an art.

The organizers further believe that compressing natural language text is a hard AI problem, equivalent to passing the Turing test. Thus, progress toward one goal represents progress toward the other. They argue that predicting which characters are most likely to occur next in a text sequence requires vast real-world knowledge. A text compressor must solve the same problem in order to assign the shortest codes to the most likely text sequences.

paq8hp12 uses a neural network, ie: it has a connectionist component.

No decompression figure is given but I don't see any reason why it would be asymmetric. (Although if there's some reason why it would be dramatically asymmetric, it'd be great if someone would fill me in.)

One of the best introductions to AI is Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. [berkeley.edu]

Probably not the best example. MPEG4 encoding takes so much time because it's not classical compression, the encoder has to figure out which pieces are less psychorelevant to big picture, and throw them away.

No, the most time-consuming part of most video encoders (including h.263 and h.264) is finding how the blocks have moved - searching for good matches between one frame and another. For best results, h.264 allows for the matches to not only come from the last frame, but up to the last 16! That allows for h.264 to handle flickering content much better, or situations where something is quickly covered and uncovered again e.g a person or car moving across frame, briefly covering parts of the background. Previous codecs did not handle those situations well and had to waste bandwidth redrawing blocks that were on screen just a moment prior.

The point does remain, most "compression" involves some sort of searching which is not performed when decompressing.

As far as I can tell given this Wikipedia article [wikipedia.org], "paq8hp12" means PAQ8, Hutter Prize branch, version 12.

Until Shannon type experiments, involving humans doing next character predictions of enwik8, are performed, the bounds of enwik8's entropy range must remain unknown but is likely lower than 0.6 to 1.3. As such an experiment would be expensive, it is going to be difficult to say with any simple bpc measure when the Hutter Prize is breaching the threshold of AI. What the Hutter Prizes bpc metric gives us, however, is a clear measure of progress.

My apologies to the other members of the Hutter Prize Committee and the /. community for this error.

PS: Another area of concern raised by Mahoney is that enwik8, at 10e8 characters, is only as much verbal information as a 2 or 3 year old has encountered so although it is sufficient to demonstrate AI capabilities well beyond the current state of the art, his preference is for a much larger contest with fewer resource restrictions focusing on the 10e9 character enwik9 which is more likely to produce a the AI equivalent of an adult with encyclopedic knowledge.