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Privacy Science

Sensor Networks For Surveillance And Security 91

gpmap writes "Small Times has an article on the coming age of all-pervasive sensor networks that will feed information of all sorts to monitoring networks. Technology advances have generated intense interest in sensor networks: 'the magic words are surveillance and security.' The Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) hosted the second Information Processing in Sensor Networks workshop this week amid anticipation of significant funding grants from the National Science Foundation. Most believe miniaturization, whether through conventional methods, MEMS or nanotech, will drive the spread of sensor networks. But plenty of issues need working through, on the hardware, software and social fronts."
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Sensor Networks For Surveillance And Security

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  • It does me.
    Especially the rationalization that its ok to trade privacy for so-called security.
    Its not a trade-off as the story states, its simply unacceptable.

    • I'm sure /.ers are in agreement that the brave new world needs better watchdogs not more invasion of liberty for safety and security. But how do you explain this to a luddite and get them to see the political ramifications?
    • by delete ( 514365 ) on Sunday April 27, 2003 @04:03PM (#5820519)
      Sorry, but you have really displayed complete ignorance of the topic in question. Of course, as soon as anything mildly related to privacy is posted here, immediate paranoia sets in. Sensor networks have a very broad range of applications, from monitoring temperatures in chemical engineering experiments to collecting ecosystem data. Enhanced security services are only one possible use for the technology, and a fairly mundane one at that.

      A common argument used here against legal acts such as the DMCA is that they unfairly blame the technology rather than those who misuse it. I don't see how your comment is any different. Personally I believe that sensor networks will provide many research opportunities and genuinely useful applications in the next few years. If organisations misuse one aspect of the technology for surveilance, then obviously those responsible should be held accountable. However, branding an entire field of research as being "unacceptable" is not particularly acceptable either.
      • *ANY* breach of privacy is unacceptable. Even if its minor, and supposedly with 'good intentions' it doesn't discount it as part of a slow encroachment with the ultimate effect of total lack of privacy/rights/freedom.

        In my case, I blame both the technology AND its improper use, I'm not blind to reality.. Once the technology is in place, then it WILL be misused.. this is human nature..

        Paranoia does not mean one is wrong or that they are not out to get you .. It just means you are aware of it, and only by
        • No such breach has occured, nor does the technology currently exist to cause such invasion of privacy. How can you condemn a complex technology that is still in its infancy, has no large-scale implementation and is currently the domain of researchers in academic institutions?

          Following your logic, what is the point in performing any kind of research or pursuing any technological innovation in case it might be misused?
          • From the article:
            Cozzens said the said NSF is well aware of the privacy issues such networks pose. "Look, look, it's a trade-off - do you want to be secure or not?" he said. "This technology will make us more secure, but there is a price for all this."

            What part of "price" didn't you understand?

            I don't condemn the concept of the research, BTW, I merely condemn the automatic intention by the people funding it that it will be used for pervasive surveillance by the public entities on the private ones rather t
        • "*ANY* deaths from nuclear use is unacceptable. Even if its a major energy source, and supposedly with 'good intentions' it doesn't discount it as part of a major weapon with the ultimate effect of killing thousands.

          In my case, I blame both the technology AND its improper use, I'm not blind to reality.. Once the technology is in place, then it WILL be misused.. this is human nature.."

          HMMM!!
      • Yes, privacy advocates and the simply paranoid do blame the technology, but only because they have nothing else to shoot at.

        It's true that every technology provides both foreseen and unforeseen uses, but in today's climate where people are willing to exchange privacy (anyone's) for security on the basis of only one foreign terrorist attack, the technology is an especially attractive target.

        With politicians in the administration working hard to tear down our structures of fundamental rights (read up on the
    • by praksys ( 246544 ) on Sunday April 27, 2003 @04:30PM (#5820612)
      Especially the rationalization that its ok to trade privacy for so-called security.

      If you think it is OK for airlines personel (or security personel) to search passengers and luggage for weapons and explosives, then you have already accepted that it is sometimes worthwhile to trade privacy for security.

      Here are a couple of ideas you might want to think about for a while.

      (1) Sometimes we have no reason to want or expect privacy, like when we hold a conversation with someone in a crowded elevator. Other times we do want and expect privacy. Before going off about intrusions on privacy, it would probably be a good idea to think about those times and places where privacy really matters. If we can trade the kind of privacy that does not matter for greater security then why not do so?

      (2) Privacy is not liberty. Sometimes it is a useful means to preserving liberty. The government can't stop you from doing something if they do not know you are doing it. But it is not the same thing as liberty. So while I would accept the claim that any trade of liberty for security is a sham, I would not accept the claim that any trade of privacy for security is a mistake.

      (3) Sometimes it is more a matter of trading privacy for liberty rather than trading privacy for security. There are, for example two ways to eliminate the threat of hijacked aircraft, and thus achieve security. You can limit privacy by searching passengers, or you can limit liberty by making comercial aviation illegal. Under the current system we gave up some privacy so that we could achieve a measure of security while also keeping our liberty (to travel etc). In cases like that I will take more liberty over more privacy every time.
      • "If you think it is OK for airlines personel (or security personel) to search passengers and luggage for weapons and explosives, then you have already accepted that it is sometimes worthwhile to trade privacy for security."

        You assume too much. If you don't go through airport security, then you have a travel time measured in days instead of hours to wherever you want to go. It's less trading liberty for security and more trading liberty for speed.
        • It's less trading liberty for security and more trading liberty for speed.

          It's not trading liberty at all because the searches by themselves do not introduce any new legal prohibitions on the actions that you are allowed to perform. It is a matter of trading privacy.

          For some people who travel it is partly a matter of trading privacy for speed, but obviously not for those who must either travel by air or not at all. For people on the ground it is strictly a matter of trading the privacy of others for thei
      • If you think it is OK for airlines personel (or security personel) to search passengers and luggage for weapons and explosives, then you have already accepted that it is sometimes worthwhile to trade privacy for security

        I travel quite a bit all over the Europe. Ever since the latest airport security measures were put into place last year, I've given up flying. I have traded enough of my privacy and comfort for security. The airlines are not going to get any more of my money if I can just help it.

        With th

      • There are, for example two ways to eliminate the threat of hijacked aircraft, and thus achieve security. You can limit privacy by searching passengers,

        Sigh. Excellent argument, except for the fact that searching passengers doesn't eliminate anything but the privacy of a few passengers. It does not eliminate the threat of hijacking. For example, you can strip search every passenger, but if I manage to bribe the caterers they can get weapons on board using the food carts.

        Or, for example, I can fabricate a

        • but if I manage to bribe the caterers they can get weapons on board using the food carts

          Which is so much easier than just walking on board with weapons - right? Don't you think there would be more hijackings if we did not have these security measures - or have there been none in the US since 9/11 because we ran out of bad guys?
          • Which is so much easier than just walking on board with weapons - right?

            The statement I am replying to had nothing to do with how hard some action was, it was a claim that searching passengers was one way to eliminate the threat of hijacking. Searching passengers does not eliminate anything, except the 4th amendment. In fact, if you care to recall, there were plenty of people who actually got onto airplanes carrying pointy things, even after being searched, and they weren't even trying to sneak things on

            • And no, I don't think there would have been more hijackings if Grandma hadn't been searched.

              Nevermind about searching Grandma. If you don't like searches you have to argue against the best case for having them, not the weakest. You have to argue for a situation where a group of men can walk straight on to a comercial airliner wearing body armor, with automatic weapons, explosives, and any other weapons they might find useful - because there are no searches at all.

              If you are not willing to defend a situat
    • Yeah, it really scares me. The possibility of monitoring weather patterns from WITHIN the storm?? Can you imagine the impact this will have to civillization as we know it?? SUPPORT YOUR LOCAL WEATHER MAN!!

      Perhaps you should take off your tin-foil hat and look at what the technology is actualy used for.

      You may wish to reflect upon your position, as some would consider you unnaturally fearful. Some might even use rough language such as 'pansy' or 'miserable pussy', but I, for one, would deplore it.
    • I'm as paranoid as the next slashdotter, but not for the same reasons. I'm only worried about my privacy when there is an imbalance, as there seems to be now. I'll submit to complete surveillance when the whole world does likewise-- and that means you too, Mr. President. Privacy is only an issue when the "other side" still has theirs. If we could all keep tabs on the government, why should we care if they keep tabs on us? Until TIA is really "total," and I can watch them as easily as they watch me, I'l
    • You are worried how technology is misused by people. Right so far? And you blame the people who misuse it AND the technology, as you've stated elsewhere in this thread?

      Well, what is your stance on guns?
    • They are talking about sensor devices. Cameras and microphones are surveillance devices. Now, if the FBI had everybodies heat print (yes, they are unique) on file, then you could say the FBI could use this to invade your privacy. Since they do not (yet) have this, there is no breach of privacy.
    • It does worry me. But what if you have to trade privacy for freedom?

      In my opinion, given the existence of surveillance networks the networks must be public access, to ensure a free society.

      ANY surveillance network which gives the watchers more information about the watched than the watched about the watchers leads to an imbalance of power. Thus, the watched must become the watchers, and have equal right of access to any surveillance network. Check out David Brin's book, "The Transparent Society: Will T
  • an example (Score:5, Interesting)

    by Anonymous Coward on Sunday April 27, 2003 @03:47PM (#5820457)
    Just read "Diamond Age" by Neal Stephenson [crytonomicon.com], it features a nice version of nanotech-sensornetworks. It's a good book, too.
  • by mcrbids ( 148650 ) on Sunday April 27, 2003 @03:49PM (#5820464) Journal
    In two words: Information leaks.

    It's been demonstrated that you can predict, to a high degree of likelyhood, when a military strike is about to happen by counting how many pizzas are delivered to the Pentagon.

    It's somewhat like the before-mentioned leaky abstraction [slashdot.org] concept, but applied to information.

    It's going to get alot worse long before it gets better. Those who believe that true privacy is possible in the future are delusional.

    For a well though-out article on the subject, try reading this Wired article [wired.com] that
    • I had heard once that the CIA now does not permit its employees order pizzas on such late night sessions.

      My guess is they have enough money to build their own pizza hut or dominos right in the building if they really wanted one.
    • Pizza watching is the favorite sport of the media but the Gov is sneeeky they order the pizza then don't use it.

    • Ah, yes, divination by pizza.

      1) They aren't stupid.
      2) Free pizza on the governments dime in peace time is cool, in time of conflict it gets cold too quick.

      When the only thing viewing you are automated tools how can you call the witnesses to the crime?

      Since it's in most written constitutions at the state level and it's in the federal one that you have a right to call your accuser, should we make these sensors have real time sentience or is 'just a recording' seen by a sentience enough?

      I'm pretty sure tha
  • We could tell if prisoners are out of their homes, if people using cars are speeding, or if infected people have fevers and are contagious.

    This will literally change our lives. As long as we don't all die of smog first.
    • We could tell if prisoners are out of their homes, if people using cars are speeding, or if infected people have fevers and are contagious.

      \begin{sarcasm}
      And we could detect independent thinkers, non-conformists and other people that used to be protected by freedom and turn them into more prisoners.

      And what great tools these networks would make to identify unbelivers, terrorists and people that do not cheer at political speeches! Finaly no filthy abnormals can stay hidden! Glory to the world for finally
  • by WegianWarrior ( 649800 ) on Sunday April 27, 2003 @03:55PM (#5820490) Journal

    Other unanswered questions involve how companies will filter the data generated by large networks of sensors...

    Leaving aside the other interesting bits of the article ("Videocams 1 sq.mm large? I'll crush them under my sandaled feet!"), this unanswered question is actually very, very important. For far too long both military* and non-military intelligence has focused far to much on gathering information and far to little on actually going thru it and learning from it. During WWII and the early part of the cold war each and every bit of gathered intelligence was a treasure, troughtly analysed and carfully matched with what other bits of intelligence that was gathered before, letting the analysers build up a pretty complete picture (so good in fact, that towards the end of that war the allies often knew better than the germans where the german troops were). But as we got better at collecting information, through ELINT, satelites and such, we 'drowned' in the sheer amount of information... succumbing to the idea that seeing something was as good as knowing what we saw (hint; it isn't). So I sure hope someone out there figures out a way to both filter and interprent the information they may gather with this - otherwise it is useless.

    *) Come to think of it, the idea to 'sow' enemy territory with a sensornetwork like this before and during an attack might be quite usefull - if they don't figure out a way to jam it off course.

    • by Master of Transhuman ( 597628 ) on Sunday April 27, 2003 @05:08PM (#5820789) Homepage
      You're missing the point of government intelligence. As someone (I believe a government official in some totalitarian country - might have been the US...) said, "The important thing is to know something someone else doesn't."

      If you collect tons of useless intelligence, you can then use it to manufacture your OWN intelligence - as the Iraq WMD situation demonstrated very graphically. Anthony Cordesman points out in a recent news piece that the problem was that Bush and Powell couldn't check everything themselves, they had to rely on their intelligence agencies - who were busy manufacturing "evidence" in the usual way - connecting the dots - dots that were really on a Roschach blotter, not an actually existing graph...if you get my meaning...

      The problem is - if you have people connecting the dots for you, you have to be sure they are connecting REAL dots, not random dots. But the intelligence and law enforcement agencies make their living by coming up with dots to be connected - whether they are real or not.

      As Robert Anton Wilson has pointed out numerous times, you can connect anything to anything if you look hard enough. That's what human brains do - interpret patterns - the key word being "interpret". There's plenty of connections between George Bush and the bin Laden family - the same family that many people find are still "linked" to Osama. Does this prove George Bush funds Osama? Well, no, but if someone WANTS it to, it WILL.

      So the more information you have, the better the people whose job it is to "interpret" that information like it.

      Which is why the rule is: when the FBI comes to your door, you say this and ONLY this: "On advice of attorney, I have nothing to say to the FBI." Period. Full stop. If you say ANYTHING else, they WILL use it against you or against anyone else they can...even if you just say, "Well, my brother-in-law said it rained yesterday"...somehow they will find a way to use that to prove that you contacted your brother-in-law and it was raining in Afghanistan yesterday so he must be an Al-Qaeda operative...

      If you think this is paranois, you have never read anything about the FBI or the CIA - or talked to anyone who has been or is in prison in this country.

      • Missing the point? On the contrary, let me quote a single sentence from my original post; So I sure hope someone out there figures out a way to both filter and interprent the information they may gather with this - otherwise it is useless.. Raw data on it's own is nothing but raw data - and pretty much useless.

        As far as manufacturing intelligence goes... thats a dangerous business. Take, as you do, the situation with Iraq and WMD. Yes, we know that they have had them in the past. Yes, we know that they ha

    • Politicians, I fear, face information with a different mind set than the scientific community. I see information, and want to know what I can learn from it. How can I take this information and do something that will improve things?

      Politicians look a information in terms of relative advantage. Does the information provide a way to reward friends and punish enemies? For example, if a scientist had a record of everyone's beer drinking habits, they would wonder what patterns indicate abuse, moderation, etc..
  • Power? (Score:3, Insightful)

    by petecarlson ( 457202 ) on Sunday April 27, 2003 @03:57PM (#5820499) Homepage Journal
    How are these sensors powered? From reading the article I would assume that they draw there power from a central battery of sorts.
    And why would you want a sensor network in your bedroom? I am thinking they are something like a bunch of small video cameras... No?

    • Re:Power? (Score:2, Insightful)

      by sailesh ( 34167 )
      How are these sensors powered? From reading the article I would assume that they draw there power from a central battery of sorts. And why would you want a sensor network in your bedroom? I am thinking they are something like a bunch of small video cameras... No?

      In fact, you've hit on the central issue in sensor networks. These sensors normally have a battery on board. Often times the battery is bigger than the rest of the mote. The most expensive operation in terms of battery usage is communication. So

  • by Anonymous Coward on Sunday April 27, 2003 @03:58PM (#5820508)
    Use of pervasive sensor networks by governmental and corporate organizations is inevitable (it's appearing in increments everyday in the US). The crucial difference between Big Brother and Transparency is who has access to the raw imagery / sensor data and the processed information. See David Brin's site [davidbrin.com] for more information.
  • Hmm (Score:3, Funny)

    by Cyno01 ( 573917 ) <Cyno01@hotmail.com> on Sunday April 27, 2003 @04:06PM (#5820528) Homepage
    Is it just me or does this sound way to much like the "Sensors" on Star Trek. They're mentioned, they're there, but no one really knows what they sense.
    • That's because without them, Star Trek would be senseless.
    • How about sensors that sense how much electric current in being used and compares that with how much should be used. All electric equipment would be smart enough to know how much it needs and communicate that to a computer. The same could be done with devices that use natural gas or even water. How about back up to fire and burglary alarms to eliminate alot of false alarms. There are many ways sensors could be used to help protect everyone safety.
  • by yintercept ( 517362 ) on Sunday April 27, 2003 @04:16PM (#5820561) Homepage Journal
    The real advantage of sensor networks will come if they provide information that helps companies make better products, or if the increased amount of data gathered actually provides useful information on how things work so that we can advance our knowledge.

    The security issue is a ruse. Security is what is selling today...so it is what you put in ad copy and press releases. It is like the B2B craze...remember when B2B appeared in the investor relation pages for all the dot bombs? Today, you need to have the word security in your ad copy.

    Of course, the fact that we are twisting more and more fundamental research into security concerns is itself a cause for concern. It means the applications will not be benign.

    I suspect that, when all is said and done, the devices themselves will tend to add more reasons to feel insecure than they will do to add reasons to feel secure. The programs will be used as much for spying as for defense. The result is that the primary use of such networks will be to detect and counter the other sensor networks trying to spy on your sensor networks.

    It will be a white-spy black-spy sort a game.
  • by halftrack ( 454203 ) <jonkje@gmailLION.com minus cat> on Sunday April 27, 2003 @04:17PM (#5820567) Homepage
    1. Get Microsoft the contract (they'll run it on Windows.)
    2. Salvation (not in the religious sense though.)

    See, no ??? part.
  • by Glock27 ( 446276 ) on Sunday April 27, 2003 @04:22PM (#5820585)
    The government could know just about everything about you and what you do.

    We could root out all the criminals, misfits, homeless, and other undesirables.

    We could create a new service under the auspices of the Department of Homeland Security.

    We'll call it the S.S., and it can use double lightning bolts for its insignia. Wouldn't that be lovely?

    "They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." - Ben Franklin

  • ... for me to walk around with my own personal EMP backpack - maybe something similar to what the Ghostbusters use?

    But then, they'd be able to find me by looking at the ever-moving deadspot on their network.
  • Would be interesting to have sensors with included WLAN technology. This would make the technology very easy to install, surely this wouldn't eat much bandwidth.
  • Gives the little guy too much power
  • by 16977 ( 525687 ) on Sunday April 27, 2003 @04:54PM (#5820728)
    Perhaps it would be nice to move away from wild, unfounded speculation and Sci-fi references to discuss how these things are used in the real world. Last summer I worked at a research station [greatduckisland.net] where we set up a network of these things to remotely monitor ground-nesting birds in their burrows. Privacy of the birds aside, these are great tools for scientific observation in sensitive areas -- observer effect is minimized, cost is minimized, and you can monitor many different locations constantly, without having to check them again every day. If you're wondering what the limitations of these systems are, powering them is a big one. The motes run on battery power, so the size of the battery puts a restriction on both the size of the mote and the amount of time it can run before it needs to be replaced (and the site needs to be disturbed). And size is important too, as they are not yet quite small or cheap enough to throw one in every locker room (despite what you may have heard).
  • by Op911 ( 593600 ) on Sunday April 27, 2003 @05:27PM (#5820884)
    These sensor networks sound very promising in that more information and real-time tracking could potentially result in more efficient distribution of resources, better tracking of that letter you sent through the mail system, better control of traffic lights to reduce traffic jams etc.

    However I hope that in the future as our first world societies incorporate these technologies we don't become overly dependent upon them. We're going to become increasingly susceptible to terrorist type attacks in the future and imagine the havoc that could be wrought on a society completely dependent on electronics and nanotech by a few well placed EMP bombs.

    Back to the stone ages, Baghdad-style riots, bludgeoning your neighbour to get that last sack of rice and so on.

  • by dtmos ( 447842 ) on Sunday April 27, 2003 @06:45PM (#5821300)

    I found the article's comment about the need for the NSF to motivate standards in wireless sensor networks to be strange, since the IEEE 802.15.4 standard [ieee802.org] is due to be published any day now (the final draft is alread for sale at the IEEE online store [ieee.org]). The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is designed for low cost, very low power consumption wireless sensor networks; it has a raw over-the-air data rate of 250 kb/s, operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM band, and can support peer-to-peer multihop (so-called "mesh") networks with device duty cycles below 3 ppm.

    The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is being used by the ZigBee Alliance [zigbee.org], an organization of more than 50 large and small companies, to establish networking and application profile interoperability standards, much like Wi-fi has done with IEEE 802.11. The ZigBee Alliance will have a session open to the public at its next meeting, in Berlin June 3.

    The IEEE 1451.5 wireless sensor standard [ieee.org], which will standardize sensor discovery and data formatting, is at an earlier stage of development; proposals are now being presented [ieee.org].

    With all this activity, it's not clear to me just what the NSF is expecting to standardize.

  • In a few years YRO will probably be featuring an article on this.
  • So, do I get to monitor the monitors?

I have hardly ever known a mathematician who was capable of reasoning. -- Plato

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