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Space Science

Orbital Space Plane Problems 352

FTL writes "NASA's next big step in space (after getting the remaining Shuttles flying again) is the construction of the Orbital Space Plane. It is a small vehicle designed to transport people to and from ISS. Jeffrey Bell takes a close look at OSP in this article and comes to the conclusion that it will result in yet another crippled vehicle. Sounds like what people were saying about the Shuttle's problems back when it was being designed."
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Orbital Space Plane Problems

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  • phallus (Score:5, Funny)

    by frieked ( 187664 ) * on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @03:36PM (#6445545) Homepage Journal
    Am I the only one who sees something wrong with this picture?
    http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/shared/news2003/OSP/O SP4.jpg [nasa.gov]
  • by levik ( 52444 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @03:41PM (#6445600) Homepage
    First it was the "space shuttle" - now a "space plane"...

    What next, the "space elevator"?.. Oh wait...

  • Solution? (Score:5, Funny)

    by Anonymous Coward on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @03:41PM (#6445609)
    Maybe we can outsource it and have the Russians and Indians build it?
  • by Anonymous Coward on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @03:43PM (#6445635)
    Wonderful lines like:

    Sound familiar? It should. The OSP is only the latest of many "Shuttle replacement" programs that have all failed dismally.

    Most critics have focused on the suspiciously low development costs, or the embarrassing gap between 2006 and 2010 in which no ISS lifeboat is planned. In fact, the basic concept of the program is so stupid that every knowledgeable person involved in it must be perfectly aware that it will never fly.

    Lost my attention at this point. If he had anything worth saying he destroyed his credability by that point.
    • ... because rockets don't have any atmosphere to "push against" in space. It's simple common sense.
    • Indeed, the guy who wrote it did sound like a smart ass.

      The United States has come to the point of a reusable space-plane a number of times and at the last minute gives it up.

      Like the X-15. It flew, it worked, the engine worked, 1 man to almost space, it could have gone to space and back but the budget was cut.

      http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/x15/c o ve r.html

      Dyna-Soar
      ttp://www.aerospaceguide.net/dynasoar .html
      http://www.astronautix.com/craft/dynasoar.h tm

      X-24
      http://www.astronautix.com/craft/x2
    • Too bad he's right.
    • no kiddin'. seemed like he was trying hard to turn everything upside down.

      The basic problem is that the OSP, as currently defined, must carry such heavy mass penalties in the form of wings, wheels, and various escape systems that its performance will not be much better than the Dyna-Soar design of 40 years ago.

      Oh, so a plane doesn't need winds and wheels. Somebody tell Boeing.

      OSP will force NASA to simultaneously fly two very expensive man-rated vehicles at a time when it is financially unable to
    • by ralphclark ( 11346 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @08:02PM (#6448301) Journal
      Absolute rubbish. That article is the most well reasoned piece of analysis I've seen on the space business in a long time. His data is pretty strong, and his arguments logical. It all even seems obvious, with hindsight.

      You might not like what Bell says, but there is no point in shooting the messenger. Judging by your infantile remarks, it's clear that you just didn't understand what he was saying. Your response is reminiscent of an infant shouting and stamping his feet.
      • Absolute rubbish. That article is the most well reasoned piece of analysis I've seen on the space business in a long time. His data is pretty strong, and his arguments logical. It all even seems obvious, with hindsight.

        It's a pretty one-sided analysis. He hinges his argument on two assumptions that I frankly don't think are valid:
        • That NASA will never seriously consider a capsule design.
        • That the Space Shuttle will continue to be used for station supply missions.

        The first point is questionable from tw

    • At first I thought the same thing -- here goes a guy who's about to blast a major troll out of his ass -- but then I read the rest of the article, and his arguments did make me think.

      You may not like his conclusions, but at least give yourself an opportunity to consider them before cutting off the analysis.
  • by Anonymous Coward
    Yeah I read the article. However I realized it would've been against the rules to RTFA and then post, so I'm pretending I didn't. :)

    Anyways, it sucks that this "space plane" still needs a big buttload of fuel tank and booster rockets to get off. This is hardly gonna save any money... What nasa oughta build is a reusable launch vehicle that can carry the OSP or the shuttle off, and then land and refuel.
  • Troubling (Score:5, Funny)

    by Fux the Pengiun ( 686240 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @03:46PM (#6445669)
    I glanced through the article...this is unfortunate news, and I hope the author's conclusions are incorrect. The shuttle is aging, and I think we all expect it to go the way of the Segway pretty soon.

    Maybe with some more $$, NASA could do a better job of shoring up the space program, to ensure boy-band members will still have the opportunity to travel in space for the foreseeable future. Perhaps if they switched the shuttle's software to an open source alternative, like Linux, or even one of its flakier derivatives like BSD, they could save enough money to get this new space plane up and running. It may also improve safety, as some of the reports from the Endeavor disaster cited issues with Windows .NET Server Orbital Vehicle Edition failing to convert between metric and English units correctly as leading to the tragedy. Space travel is important to our culture, the future of our children, and our global economy...we in the open source community need to do our part to ensure its success.
  • "Apollo missions regularly landed within 2nm of the predicted point," Wow - 2 nanometers! That shows my tax dollars are well spent....
    • by sh00z ( 206503 ) <sh00z.yahoo@com> on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @03:57PM (#6445771) Journal
      This is why we missed Mars [astronomynow.com].
  • by the_2nd_coming ( 444906 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @03:47PM (#6445682) Homepage
    and the prototype is working.

    they used a modified 747, and a special tow line. they then tow the orbiter up to very high altitutes and launch the orbiter.

    the orbiter then ignights its rockets and because it it already high in the atmosphere, it can use half the fuel of bullistic launch.
    • by WhiteBandit ( 185659 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @03:52PM (#6445726) Homepage
      That company is Kelly Space and Technology [kellyspace.com] based in San Bernardino, CA. (Which is right down the street!)
      • That's pretty bitchin'... I like the idea of using a 747 to get a lift, and saving all that fuel/weight.

        Given the wings it has, and that they don't look to generate much lift, I wonder if this thing goes 'nose up' upon release, like a standard rocket? or does it 'fly' to high altitude? I think a 747 has a ceiling of 50,000 feet, so the ship still has a loooong way to go.

        Also, if that tow line breaks early in launch, the crew is fairly well screwed... doesn't look to be much of a glider to me.
    • by MtViewGuy ( 197597 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @04:30PM (#6446171)
      Actually, during the late 1980's there were some serious studies of building a small spaceplane that could be launched from the top of a modified 747-200.

      Essentially, the 747-200 would be fitted with a de-rated version of the Space Shuttle main engine, which will allow the 747 with the spaceplane on top to do a steep 35 degree climb to around 50,000 feet. The spaceplane, which has a small external fuel tank attached, would then launch at that altitude and fire its engines (essentially 3-4 RL-10's used by the Centaur upper stage) for a 7 minute flight to orbit. Because the launch happens at 50,000 feet, there is no need for the spaceplane to lug along a big load of propellant fuel, and that means it could carry a load as large as seven crew members or its equivalent weight in cargo to the International Space Station. I can envision by 2014 crews will visit the ISS either by using this new spaceplane or much-updated versions of the Soyuz spacecraft; ISS consumables and future extensions to the space station will be brought up by lifting them to orbit on uprated versions of the Atlas V and Delta IV Heavy rockets plus updated versions of the Russian Proton rocket.
    • the orbiter then ignights its rockets and because it it already high in the atmosphere, it can use half the fuel of bullistic launch.

      Actually this saves very little fuel.

      The reasons are: (1) The 747 can only get to an altitude of 10km or so; even low earth orbit is about 150km,

      (2) More important - the energy needed by an orbiter is mostly not used in getting it to the right altitude, it's giving it orbital velocity. This is in excess of Mach 20. A 747 (even when it's not towing something) can't even get
      • by RocketScientist ( 15198 ) * on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @06:15PM (#6447374)
        Your entire comment makes the rather broad assumption that air density is the same at sea level, 10km and 150km. I'm kind of thinking it drops pretty quickly.

        It saves quite a bit of fuel because there is significantly less drag at 10km than there is at sea level. 10km would be, what, pretty much 35 thousand feet, but the service ceiling of an unmodified 747 is 45,000 feet (google owns you [plane-spotter.com]).

        Air density at 45,000 feet is .000460, air density at sea level is .002377, so air density at 45,000 feet is about 1/5 that of sea level (google rocks [nasa.gov], chart 1).

        So, if the 747 dropped the payload at 45,000 feet, and the payload gained altitude at a good rate, it would require significantly less rocket fuel than taking off from the ground. In addition, the payload could have smaller fuel tanks, which means smaller pipes, less structure and less insulation to fall off and ding a wing.

  • by pen ( 7191 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @03:50PM (#6445701)
    Orbital Space Plane [orbital.com] @ orbital.com
    Orbital Space Plane [globalsecurity.org] @ globalsecurity.org
  • More of the same (Score:5, Interesting)

    by ChuckDivine ( 221595 ) * <charles.j.divine@gmail.com> on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @03:54PM (#6445750) Homepage

    OK, NASA still looks screwed up.

    Possibilities we must consider:

    • Space travel is really beyond us.
    • Space travel is beyond current day NASA. Given current management problems, that is looking increasingly likely. The Washington Post now has a special section on the Columbia disaster. [washingtonpost.com]

    What should we (the United States in particular and humanity in general) be doing?

    • One thing is support the X Prize [xprize.org]. This will provide alternative experience and data to the NASA monopoly. The more attempts we make, the better. The greater the variety, the better.
    • Since NASA is a U.S. government creation, U.S. citizens should write their Congressional representatives, citing articles such as this one by Jeff Bell and the Washington Post section linked to above. It's time for some light and heat to be shed on this agency.
    • Look for investment opportunities if you have the money.
    • by stinky wizzleteats ( 552063 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @04:16PM (#6446029) Homepage Journal

      You omitted the real problem. We're not committed to spending what it will really take to do what we want NASA to do.

    • by Anonymous Coward
      Well,
      I currently work for NASA and I would like to dispell some of the ugly rumors you are spreading.
      1)Space travel is not beyond us (we have already proven that).
      2)Furthermore, NASA has been behind all of the most up-to-date space travel(that we know about).
      3)Management is not the problem with the columbia disaster, it is only portrayed that way because the media needs someone to blame so people like you can be happy. Everyone involved in the disaster understood the risks and did everything they could to
    • Re:More of the same (Score:2, Informative)

      by derekriley ( 689713 )
      Well, I currently work for NASA and I would like to dispell some of the ugly rumors you are spreading. 1)Space travel is not beyond us (we have already proven that). 2)Furthermore, NASA has been behind all of the most up-to-date space travel(that we know about). 3)Management is not the problem with the columbia disaster, it is only portrayed that way because the media needs someone to blame so people like you can be happy. Everyone involved in the disaster understood the risks and did everything they co
      • Well, I currently work for NASA and I would like to dispell some of the ugly rumors you are spreading. 1)Space travel is not beyond us (we have already proven that).

        But formatting seems to be :D
    • by stmfreak ( 230369 )
      space travel is beyond current day NASA...

      How about, space travel is beyond government??

      How do you expect space to be explored by an organization that rewards failure with more money and greets success with disinterest and reduction in funding?

      When NASA is going good, the public is ho-hum because the public doesn't get a shot at space when it's controlled by a quasi military, government run organization.

      If this were done in the business sector, the motto would always be "faster, cheaper, safer" and tou
  • by YetAnotherName ( 168064 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @03:55PM (#6445756) Homepage
    ... or could it?

    Simple lap belt replaced with 7-point harness.

    In-flight movie would just have to be Apollo 13.

    In-flight beverage would be Tang.

    Mandatory cavity search at security gate.

    No sharp or blunt objects allowed on board.

    That includes shoes.

    In case of decompression, a preferred religious object will drop from ceiling.
    • You forgot:

      TSA officers would have to be trained to detect Jedi Mind Tricks.

      TSA Officer: Could you please remove your shoes and run them through the machine.

      Man in cloak, waving hand: I don't need to remove my shoes and run them through the machine.

      TSA Officer: You don't need to remove your shoes and run them through the machine.

  • Eagle landers finished in 1999 for Moonbase Alpha.
  • Compact Car (Score:4, Interesting)

    by n1nj4k3n ( 685377 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @04:02PM (#6445844)
    From the article:

    But, sometimes when you're just going for a drive or taking a trip, you don't really need a bus, a moving van, a construction truck, a science lab, or a race car. Sometimes, a simple compact car would make traveling a lot more convenient and less expensive. The same principle applies to spaceflight.

    I wonder if NASA has considered actually bringing some compact car makers as consultants. How would Honda, Mitsubishi, or Toyota would go about tackling these problems? Combine the efficiency of the Civic or the Insight with the existing X-plane aerospace technology of Lockheed Skunkworks and Boeing, and see what happens.

    • by spruce ( 454842 )
      How would Honda, Mitsubishi, or Toyota would go about tackling these problems?

      They'd slap a V-TEC sticker on it, or call it the Space Shuttle XJ20. Then we the public would get an inferioity complex about it, so we'd get the rockets extended 6", put a huge spoiler on it, and give it a nitro system.
    • It never hurts to get second (or third) opinions...

      But, Honda, Mitsu, Toyota, et. al. make efficent vehicles that travel along the ground

      Mitsubishi is the only one with any aircraft experience; and, that was 60 years ago. A space plane is (please don't take offense) simply out of their league. Not to say they couldn't catch up -- Boeing and Lockheed simply have much more experience.

  • by WolfWithoutAClause ( 162946 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @04:11PM (#6445952) Homepage
    Why? NASA is only a governmental department. Why on earth would you want the government to deliver you to space; when that means in practice that a committee chooses who has their great honour of deciding who they feel like sending, based mostly on how well they toe the party line?

    Me, I think that Dennis Tito did it right- buy a flight at the lowest price he could. Ok, so it turned out to be the Ruskies, I call that an incentive to Americans to actually get off their money-wasting duffs and actually go out and make competitive rockets rather than the government subsidised massively overpriced efforts you see at the moment.

    I mean, everyone acts like 'high technology' is the answer. Nope. Sorry. 'Low Cost' is the answer. And you nearly always don't get that from Government run operations. Government departments want to grow; they don't want to shrink. They don't want higher efficiency, because that just means they can do the same with less, that just means that their 'excess' budget gets cut and they end up doing the same amount for lower cost.

    No. We need businesses. Businesses actually have an incentive to grow the market. Launching more often actually makes launching cheaper, and this in turn grows the market and hence the business and the total profits. Businesses win over governments.

    Frankly, if you're proNASA you're pretty much a communist- (no I'm not trolling, not everything that seems controversial is a troll) NASA is run by the country 'for the good of the country'. I don't want that. I want launching into space to be done for profit, not because they want to be nice to everyone. Being nice does not scale like profit motive does. We need to scale space up to put a reasonable number of people into space, you and me.

    • I don't want that. I want launching into space to be done for profit, not because they want to be nice to everyone.

      Thats just not going to happen. There is far too much expense in terms of R&D and Risk for a company to be involved. Otherwise, companies would already be involved. Right now, we have NASA, and a bunch of rocket hobbyists on steroids competing for the X-Prize, and thats it.
      • Not 100% true. Private companies, that is, one not building parts ofr NASA, are not into the Space Business because there is a government monopoly on space launches in the USA. No corporation can launch even a sub-orbital flight without the xpress permission of the governemnt. And the government isn't saying "yes" to anyone.
    • by jdhutchins ( 559010 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @04:38PM (#6446296)
      Frankly, if you're proNASA you're pretty much a communist- (no I'm not trolling, not everything that seems controversial is a troll) NASA is run by the country 'for the good of the country'. I don't want that. I want launching into space to be done for profit, not because they want to be nice to everyone. Being nice does not scale like profit motive does. We need to scale space up to put a reasonable number of people into space, you and me.

      That's not exactly correct. By saying that, you're saying that supporting the government at all is bad, because most of what the government does is 'for the good of the country'. If you want to get spacefight done, or at least develop spacecraft, it requires A LOT of money. It requires a lot of money to develop the spacecraft, which is before you would have any profits. Private companies aren't going to be able to run for 5-6 years without a profit to develop a spacecraft and test it without running out of money. The government doesn't have to worry about profits, so theoritacilly (sp?) it can fund the research and development of new spacecraft.

      Funding is the reason NASA isn't doing so hot. It doesn't get enough money to fund the Space Shuttle, unmanned spaceflight, and development of new spacecraft. Saying "we'll just cut the shuttle" won't work, because after the shuttle gets cut, NASA loses that money, and then they're no better off than they were before, except that they don't have the thing that they're best known for. The author of the article doesn't make this point: If NASA could spend as much money on research as the military does, (or even half that amount), we'd probably already have a Shuttle replacement.
    • Yes, sure, but you forget one thing.

      Economics.

      A Federal agency has to worry about costs much less than a business. And NASA certainly worries about costs. For a business to compete for a chance to go to space, cheaply, quickly, or any other "ly", there would have to be MONEY up there.

      Science doesn't pay. The only reason the Russians launch cheaper is because if they didn't, nobody would use them. They'd get NO money, instead of LEAST money. The Russians are Wal-Mart in this respect.

      The only money to be
    • Me, I think that Dennis Tito did it right- buy a flight at the lowest price he could. Ok, so it turned out to be the Ruskies, I call that an incentive to Americans to actually get off their money-wasting duffs and actually go out and make competitive rockets rather than the government subsidised massively overpriced efforts you see at the moment.

      *cough* That would be, he turned to the Russian Government from whom to purchase his flight. Included in that ticket price was a hotel stay in the ISS Bed & Bre

  • by mikeophile ( 647318 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @04:13PM (#6445982)
    Many problems have plagued wheel developers over the years.

    Budget overruns, construction difficulties, and safety issues are causing many tribal elders to reconsider whether or not the benefits outweigh the costs.

    Many tribal members feel increasingly alienated by technology.

    A case in point is fire. The recent development of fire has been seen as a mixed blessing by many in the community.

    "Fire bad.", says Dr.Ugh, gesturing to his burned hands suffered during an early meat cooking experiment.

    Good or bad, fire has been rapidly adopted by the younger generation as both a means of cooking and the primary source of entertainment.

    If the wheel does beat the odds and becomes a viable means of transportation, what will it mean?

    Is our technological advancement going to far, too fast?

    Where will our science lead us, and do we really want to go there?

  • by Rogerborg ( 306625 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @04:18PM (#6446049) Homepage

    We spend tens of millions (hard to say, NASA won't disclose) training "astronauts", and then dedicate most of the lifting capacity of the vehicles to keeping them alive while they watch a board and occasionally push a button that could be pushed by the guy that trained them back at mission control. That's a hell of a lot of money per button push.

    Buzz Aldrin says it best. He never thought space exploration would come to mean shuttling cargo up to low earth orbit. Let's leave that to the machines, and send men out to do what they can't. Explore and describe the wonders that are out there, so that us lesser men touch them by proxy.

    • It's been somewhat of a sad time in our history. Buzz Aldrin was right; the astronauts are trained to explore. The problem has been that there's been no money to send the men anywhere interesting (unless you call LEO interesting).

      Keeping a working astronaut core group (which implies at least some of them have experience in space) right now means using them as "truck drivers"

  • Hmmmm.... (Score:5, Insightful)

    by jpellino ( 202698 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @04:19PM (#6446065)
    I don't know this guy, but sounds like there's a considerable chip attached somewhere south of neck. Invoking the word 'stupid' towards your critics in a technical article isn't going to go over too well.

    Look. Flying to space is hard. People are going to die doing it, just like people are going to die driving across the state or flying across the country or running around the water on a jet ski.

    As long as we do it only a few times a year, the fatal mistakes are going to look horrific. If a million people a day flew through space and a few dozen died, why is that any more astounding than what happens on the roads?

    Of course I'm not proposing flying lots of people into space to make the accidents look good. But realize the carnage we DO put up with to get to the movies or visit some tourist trap.

    Now, if it were simpler, it'd be safer.
    If it were truly reusable it'd be cheaper.
    If it were less vulnerable to chaos (water landings, wind shear, parachutes) it'd be easier to swallow the alternatives.

    As for climbing cables to orbit, a bunch of smart people on a shuttle had a real tough time wrangling a few hundred meters of cable - but 200 km? I want a few more proof-of-concepts and sims before I grab the business end of one of those.

    Part and parcel in this whole thing is the time to market - the shuttle took too long to get to the pad - if it had flown with current at the time avionics and computers, it'd been in much better shape. Tony Englund tells the story of being in the shuttle simulator when they shut it down one day and said sorry guys - we need the cue-ball - a mechanical cue-ball - becasue the last working one one a flying shuttle had gone bad and they aren't making them any more. That sort of thing has stopped, but could be repeated with obsolete tech if they don't dev faster...

    I would still sit on the shuttle flight deck tomorrow to orbit. Knowing the risks and using the process. NASA ain't perfect. But they're not malicious or stupid.
    • You've got some great points. But I take issue with your assumption that people are always going to die in space, because it assumes that there's no such thing as progress. Flying across the ocean is hard. Eventually, Charles Lindberg demonstrated the ability to fly across the ocean. But what got the world from point A (the Wright Brothers, 1903) to point B (Lindbergh, 1927) was not the government. It was something similar to the X-Prize, offered by a newspaper man in New York named Orteig.

      And what go
      • Re:Hmmmm.... (Score:3, Insightful)

        by Jonathan_S ( 25407 )

        And what got us from an exhibition of air travel in the Lindberg flight to the actuality of cross-country and worldwide scheduled airline service wasn't government research grants, it was little fledgling companies like Trans-World Airlines, American Airlines and Pan-American Airlines.

        And the reason that we got little fledgling flying companies like TWA, American, and PanAm, is that they, more or less, grew out of the early airmail companies.

        The airmail companies started buying bigger planes and flying p

  • by Eric Smith ( 4379 ) * on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @04:21PM (#6446084) Homepage Journal
    The Delta Clipper was a much better design, and as the article points out, was the only X-33 candidate that was based on proven technology. But NASA seems to have a preference for chosing completely new, unproven designs over the tried-and-true. As it turned out, even NASA couldn't afford enough unobtanium to build the Lockheed-Martin "VentureStar" X-33.

    "Halfway to Anywhere" by G. Harry Stine should be required reading for anyone interested in new manned spacecraft design. It's out of print, but used copies are readily available.

    • by RayBender ( 525745 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @06:35PM (#6447568) Homepage
      The Delta Clipper was not capable of orbit; not even close. It only looked good because it wasn't attempting the really hard part. ANY single-stage to orbit vehicle requires very advanced technology - there is no "off-the-shelf" engine with the specific impulse, and no "off-the-shelf" material with the strength/mass ratio, required. It's a simple matter of physics. The rocket equation [ed-thelen.org] tells us that getting into orbit using currently available rockets will ,for a single-stage vehicle, require that about 90% of the liftoff mass be fuel. You have to fit the engines, fuel tank, payload etc into the remaining 10%. The Delta Clipper only had a fuel fraction of about 50%.

      The Lockheed X-33 tried to get around this in two ways: use a higher efficiency rocket engine (the aerospike) and light-weight composite structure, allowing a greater portion of the remaining mass to be used as payload. It's the only possible approach if you are limited to single-stage to orbit. Don't kid yourself, the other X-33 proposals were just as risky. It says a lot about the ignorance of the author that he even used this argument; it doesn't hold up to closer inspection.

      Regardless of how important you happen to think space travel is (and I think it's nothing less than the key to the future of the human race, ultimately), there are a few really big problems with the future of space travel: physics (we have to find a more efficent engine), investment (we have to convince people that space is worth the real investment required) and "religion" (it seems like every person involved has an absolutely unwavering opinion of the ONE TRUE WAY to get into space, and they simply will not engage in a rational debate).

      The last point is actually important, and well illustrated by the article; the author clearly belongs to the "ballistic re-entry" sub-sect of the "expendible launch vehicle" religion. He spends many more words attacking the "winged, reuseable" approach than explaining why his particular approach is so much better. Which of course it isn't - all designs have drawbacks. Trust me, the designs that are built are chosen on more than just the basis of the oft-repeated "pilots want to fly something with wings".

      To illustrate the situation, consider the choice between Russian-style expendible capsules and what the Shuttle should (would) have been given proper development funding (the cuts by the Nixon administration forced the use of solids; as any good engineer understands, this one bad choice forced a cascading series of ever more disastrous adjustments, ultimately killing the concept).
      Anyway, the Russian capsules work rather well, and are moderately reliable. However, they cost on the order of $20 million per launch (at Russian wages). This cost can likely not be further reduced, since you can't amortize the construction cost of the vehicle and booster over several flights. A truly reuseable Shuttle (say, an X-33 derivative launched off the back of a 747 or something), while considerably more expensive to build, can fly 100 times. That's the only reasonable way to get launch costs below something like $1000 pound (where according to some analysts it becomes economically feasible to develop space in a big way).

      To make a long story short you have a choice: a) pick the initially cheaper option of expendible capsules, and be forever stuck at relatively high launch costs, or b) pay the steep development cost of a truly re-useable vehicle, and in the long term you'll have a cheaper way of getting to space. NASA started with option b, spent most of the money, then was forced to adopt some aspects of option a, ending up with the worst of both worlds.

      Of course, now I've revealed my own religion.
      I'll probably be tied to a launch tower and burnt by the flames of an expendible (solid) booster for it...

  • man... so much for colonizing mars. at this rate it sounds like we'll have our hands full with just LEO for the forseeable future.

    i had no idea just how mismanaged our goals are.
    or how difficult the managing of our goals is.

    but i guess this is our lot until we find some new means of reaching space (elevators, scramjets, slingshots, whatever) in a cheaper, more reliable and more reusable manner.
    • Sorry your depressed; but, it's been that way since the design phase of the current Shuttle. It was designed to act as a transport to allow us to build up the LEO infrastructure we need before we can do the more interesting stuff (permanent space stations, more Moon landings with research bases or even a permanent settlement, a manned Mars excursion) Unfortunately, they've taken too long to build the infrastructure; and, now the Shuttle is showing it's age.

      It's going to be decades before we actually se

  • from the article :You've probably heard, for instance, that the space shuttle will retrieve damaged satellites and return them to earth for repair. Not so. It can't. Simply and flatly, can't.

    Bullshit it can't....
    • by Jonathan_S ( 25407 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @06:23PM (#6447457)

      from the article :You've probably heard, for instance, that the space shuttle will retrieve damaged satellites and return them to earth for repair. Not so. It can't. Simply and flatly, can't.


      Bullshit it can't....

      I grant you that it has sufficient return cargo capacity to return a satellite to earth. And with the canada arm it can capture a satellite, as demonstrated by the Hubble repair.

      However, while technically the shuttle could return a satellite for repair, there are a couple of problems to overcome.
      First almost all satellites orbit higher than the shuttle can fly, so it can't get high enough to capture them.
      The original idea was that there was going to be an on orbit tug to ferry satellite to and from the shuttle. Never got built.

      Second the canada arm's capture device only works on satellites that have a special attachment point on them like the Hubble. As far as I know no other satellite has one, so a satellite couldn't be easily capture even if it was close to the shuttle.

      Third, NASA is very worried about possible damage to their shuttles, and don't like flying it near anything they don't have too; much less a damaged satellite which could do something unexpected or have debris floating around it

      And Fourth, while this isn't a technical point it isn't economical to return a satellite for repair and reorbit. Its cheaper to build a new one and scrap the old one except in maybe in special cases like the one of a kind Hubble.

      So in summary, the shuttle could retrieve a damaged satellite and return it, if it could reach it (which it can't), and capture it (which it can't), and NASA would authorize it (they wouldn't) and someone would pay for it (which they won't). The original statement that the shuttle can't retrieve a damaged satellite might be overstating the case, but stating that they won't would be about right.

      Obviously this doesn't count thing like spacehab which stays docked in the shuttle's cargo bay, or a science experiment released and recovered during a flight.

  • things, and not journalists.

    In fact, let's thank God the only thing we let journalists do is spew out crap like that found in these articles.
  • by Valar ( 167606 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @04:42PM (#6446329)
    One of his arguments is that they will still need the shuttle to bring up supplies. No, they already have the soyuz freighter for that. In fact, I think they hardly ever use the shuttle to bring supplies to ISS. It would be very inefficient (the part he did get right). The point of this vehicle is to allow cheaper and more abundant crew transfer ability, especially in case of emergencies.
    • They use the Russian Progress M1 to ferry supplies and fuel, and to provide for reboosts when it's there. It's also used as a trash container, and is jetisoned to burn up in the atmosphere when it's full.

      That said, the Progress carries something on the order of 2-3 tons tons of cargo, fuel, and water. Total Payload limit is 2230-3200 KG, which includes the fuel necessary to rendevous with the ISS; 1700 - 1950 KG, 185-250 of which are available as surplus fuel for the station. It has a maximum pressuriz
  • by Animats ( 122034 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @04:52PM (#6446462) Homepage
    The basic problem is that space travel with chemical fuels isn't feasible. You just can't pack enough energy per unit mass into the fuel.

    Only by desperate weight reduction measures, resulting in incredibly fragile vehicles, is anything made to fly into space at all. The vehicles are almost all fuel. Pieces have to be thrown away after launch. Payloads are dinky for the size of the vehicle. Costs are insanely high.

    It's been that way for almost forty years. It's not getting any better. No combination of parts will fix this fundamentally broken technology.

    Space travel is like lighter-than-air travel. The technology has been around for decades, and it reached its limits a long time ago. It's possible to build vehicles. But the weight limitations are too severe for them to be more than marginally useful.

    Space travel won't work until we get a better energy source.

    • Only by desperate weight reduction measures, resulting in incredibly fragile vehicles, is anything made to fly into space at all. The vehicles are almost all fuel. Pieces have to be thrown away after launch. Payloads are dinky for the size of the vehicle. Costs are insanely high.
      [...]
      Space travel won't work until we get a better energy source.


      It works fine for communication satellites and other objects that are worth spending lots of money to put up there.

      *Cheap* space travel won't be possible without ch
  • Stupid... (Score:5, Insightful)

    by tinrobot ( 314936 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @04:57PM (#6446532)
    What surprises me is that it took less than 10 years to go to the moon, with primitive 1960's technology. This project looks like it's going to take just as long... even longer... and this is with more advanced technology, plus all the experience of over 40 years of spaceflight.

    Something is seriously wrong...
  • NASA Obsolete (Score:4, Insightful)

    by heli0 ( 659560 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @05:03PM (#6446594)
    What function does NASA serve?

    Could those functions be served more efficiently by multiple, smaller, privately run organizations?

    Why spend so much on manned flights when all of the experiments are simple enough to be automated?

    One advantage of a privately run organization is that they can take risks.

    When did space travel become something that has to be risk free, with every death being a tragedy?

    In the year 2002 42,850 people died in automobile crashes in the US [thestate.com] . These deaths accomplished nothing.

    What if a fraction of that number, say 500 people, died every year in an attempt to increase humanity's capability to get off this rock. Would that be such a tragedy?

  • by jafac ( 1449 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @05:03PM (#6446597) Homepage
    What he says about "advanced technology" is pretty much spot on.
    When you look at our "advanced boosters" - in a basic sense, all they are is old early cold-war-era ICBMs, retrofitted with Solid Rocket Boosters. Atlas, Delta, and Titan. The last REAL innovation in US booster technology was Saturn V.

    I agree with several points he made - about how VTOHL is kind of retarded. Launching big heavy wings vertically, so the craft can land horizontally is ridiculous. But he overlooks some of the alternatives.

    Lifting Bodies - X-33 was a spectacular failure - only because when confronted with adversity, WE GAVE UP. Part of that was the failure of the guys who set the budget unrealistically low in the first place, and let it overrun past the point of credibility. But if you want weight-savings in not sending wings up vertically, that's the way to do it. There's one real technicall challenge - an oddly-shaped fuel tank able to repeatedly deal with the pressurization cycle. And we just rolled over and quit when the first few attempts failed. I think that's sad.

    Horizontal Take-off - Pegasus has been a spectacular success. If you're going to put wings on your craft, you may as well Horizontal Take-Off. Most of the launch fuel of getting a vehicle into space is used up in the first 5 miles. I don't know if there's a good way to fix this problem cheaply - we already "blew our wad" so-to-speak, but here's what we can do maybe in 10 years:
    Justify the development of a new, VERY large multi-purpose transport aircraft - like the Galaxy C-5, only, in order to take advantage of economy of scale, use the same principle used in the JSF program. One plane that fulls multiple roles. Here are the roles:
    Heavy Bomber (to replace the B-52).
    Cargo Transport (to support loads the C-5 cannot handle)
    Commercial Passenger plane (I know, we can't justify the Boeing double-decker, but at one point, it was at least worth thinking about).
    Launch Vehicle Deployment.

    Currently, the Pegasus can loft a tiny 1000lb payload into orbit. It's taken up to 40,000 ft by an L-1011, which is a pretty large plane. A plane on the scale of what I'm talking about could horizontally loft a next-generation spaceplane up to 40,000 ft, separate, and return to the ground, for mere peanuts compared to what it costs to prep your typical Atlas/Titan/Delta/Arianne. From 40,000 ft, scramjets can get this plane to 80,000 ft and Mach 8-12. (another technology we would need to develop, but it will save the weight of carrying oxidizer). Booster rockets can get it to Orbit. (either a SRB strap-ons, or perhaps the scramjets can be fed oxidizer).

    Admittedly VERY complicated technology, but this is the evolution we were looking at 15 years ago with VentureStar, and other variants. And they were abandoned, due to lack of vision at the federal level. This lack of vision stems from a lack of a pissing-contest with the Russians, like we had when we were going to the moon.
  • by Niles_Stonne ( 105949 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @05:25PM (#6446867) Homepage
    It's a pet project of mine, but I think it bears commenting on: The space elevator.

    I think it may be a _very_ good option for the nation's space needs.

    More information can be found here:

    Space Elevators: Low Cost Ticket to GEO? [slashdot.org]

    More on Space Elevators [slashdot.org]

    Going Up? [slashdot.org]

    Calling the Space Elevator [slashdot.org]

    Space Elevator May Become Reality [slashdot.org] - The Linked Study(PDF) [usra.edu] Was fascinating.

    Space Elevator Could Cost Less Than You Thought [slashdot.org]

    Stepping Closer To The Space Elevator [slashdot.org]

  • by Chris Y Taylor ( 455585 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @05:33PM (#6446952) Homepage
    I think several of his complaints are incorrect.

    First, he claims that the OSP is bad because it only ships people, not cargo. That is a good thing, not a bad thing. Manned spaceflight is more expensive than unmmanned flight. It is a waste of money to send anything on a manned flight that could be sent on a cheaper unmanned one. The Russians have already demonstrated that cargo can be taken to the ISS with an umannned system. Satellites can be launched without using a manned vehicle. The only thing that can't be launched on a cheaper unmanned vehicle is people. Therefore the most economical system would be one where the manned rockets were just for ferrying people. That's what the OSP is; yet he seems to have a problem with that. If we start trying to make the OSP do everything, then it will be an expensive boondoggle like the Shuttle. Unfortunately we probably will have to fly the shuttle a few more times to get the rest of the station modules up, but it doesn't make sense to add billions of bloat to the OSP to give it the capability to add the last few modules to the station. Bring up cargo with unmanned vehicles. Bring up the last few modules with a few Shuttle flights (with minimum crew) if necessary. Keep the OSP small and only use it to do crew rotations. That's my $0.02.

    He complains about not understanding the plan for the escape system. That is his inadequacy, not the OSP's. The original plan I saw (which was called the Orbital Space Plane because it was Orbital Science Corp's proposal) had a rocket on the spaceplane that was used as an escape system for the manned section in case of a booster failure, and was fired as an additional stage after the booster dropped away if there was no booster failure. He says this introduces an "extra" failure mode. Well, yes and no. If you are concerned about mission success (getting the OSP in the right trajectory) then I guess it does add additional failure modes. If you are concerned about keeping the crew alive (which the crew would probably appreciate being top priority), then it adds a "new" failure mode but not "more" failure modes. Sure, there is the chance that the escape system/final stage rocket could blow up and destroy the vehicle. But if any of the other stages blows up, then having that escape system turns those from fatal disasters to non-fatal mission failures. Since the escape system/final stage should be a reliable, evolutionary rocket design that gets a lot of attention, the odds of it failing catastrophically should be much smaller than the odds of one of the booster stages failing. Adding this system will, therefore, slightly increase the odds of a mission failure, while greatly reducing the odds of a crew fatality. Whether that is an "extra" failure mode depends on if you are looking at mission failure or crew loss. In my (and certainly the crew's) point of view, having an escape system is essential to the design's commitment to the safety of the astronauts.

    He claims that the OSP is not much more technically sophisticated than the Dyna-Soar. That's fine with me. The point of the OSP is to reduce cost and reduce technical risk. At the time, the Dyna-Soar was ambitious, costly, and risky. With today's technology it is a cheap solution with low technical risk. Why would we want to introduce new technical risk if we don't have to?

    He also complains about the possibility of the OSP being built with a reduced size that would require more than one launch to perform one crew rotation for the ISS. I agree with him that that would be bad, but I don't yet know how likely that is to be a problem. Something to watch out for, but I don't think it is as likely as he seems to.

    He would prefer a capsule to a lifting body for reentry. A capsule is not necessarily bad, and I wouldn't dismiss it just because it is "old tech". The choice, however, is a complex technical trade off and not the sort of thing that can just be decided with a knee jerk reaction, nostalgia for the "good ol' days of Apollo",
    • He also complains about the R&D cost estimate as being too low.

      The Orbital proposal from the linked website giv an OSP mass of 48,700 lbs; it doesn't say how much is structure and how much is propellant. R&D costs for an aerospace vehicle typically range from $20,000 to $100,000 a pound. Assuming (as is likely given that it is a gov't managed non-evolutionary vehicle) that this program would be $100,000/lb, that would give a total development cost of probably less than $5 billion.

      Does anyone kno
  • wow.. (Score:3, Interesting)

    by njan ( 606186 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @05:41PM (#6447033) Homepage

    ..spaceflight has advanced over the last 50 years..

    Apollo missions regularly landed within 2nm of the predicted point

    ..;).. maybe the army/navy should start using those apollo boosters for weapons delivery. :p

  • by Migraineman ( 632203 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @06:11PM (#6447330)
    The conclusions at the end of the article are pretty decent. Using refurbed (or updated versions of old) Apollo-era capsules is a good idea. Wings on spacecraft are there because the USAF mandated that spacecraft be piloted by ... you guessed it ... pilots. Pilots fly things with wings. They were horribly opposed to the "spam in a can" image being laid out for them in the 50's. Much of the crap in NASA's systems are a direct result of pilot intervention being mandated by the USAF.

    If I was scheduled to go to the ISS, I'd want the dirt-simplest flight equipment available. I'd definitely want the reentry profile to be *fundamentally* stable - just like the Apollo-era return vehicles. I don't give a crap where it comes down - that's what we have aircraft and helicopters and boats and trucks for.
    • Unfortunately, using one-use systems to ferry astronauts to and from the space station is not as cheap as you think.

      Remember, the Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) was designed for WATER landing, not landing on dry land. There will quite a lot of expense involved in sending a recovery team out into the middle of the ocean to get the returning spacecraft, complete with a large enough ship to house the recovery crew (and provide a safe area to safely remove any remaining propellants from the spacecraft), a
  • Man.. (Score:5, Funny)

    by Eric(b0mb)Dennis ( 629047 ) * on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @06:50PM (#6447692)
    If only NASA could win the X-Prize, the 10mil would more than triple their current budget :(
  • by theolein ( 316044 ) on Tuesday July 15, 2003 @07:14PM (#6447905) Journal
    Irrespective of this guy's opinion in this article, I simply wonder where the real problem is. Since the beginning of space shuttle programme there have been exactly two ways to get someone into space and back. One has been in a capsule with ablative heat shield on top of a standard rocket and the other has been in a glider with fragile tiles on top of or strapped to a standard rocket. Specifically, both have been expensive and both have had pros and cons.

    The fact that shuttles have crashed is not really shocking, given how long they've been in service. There have been crashes with Soyuz capsules as well.

    What seems to me to be the problem is that there is simply a lack of money. The fact that there is a lack of money is partly because of spiralling costs, but also due to an incredible inconsistency of policy and bad planning.

    Consider that ESA started working on Hermes almost 20 years ago. While the author states that this vehicle is also lacking in saftey, the fact is that the vehicle is not here, now as ESA abandoned it due to spiraling costs. Consider that the Russians had a working shuttle , Buran, capable of automated flight also around 15 years ago, and built with typical Russian solidity. That is now for sale on ebay, because no one wanted to fund it. So we have two possibly better or at least alternative shuttles that were killed off due to lack of funding.

    Prior to, during and since that time, many nations have being studying alternative methods of human spacefilght. The Dyna-Soar, the lifting body studies during the 60's, the Delta Clipper, the British Hotol, the X-what have you. They were all dropped due to lack of funding. Has anyone, ever, considered how much money has actually been wasted/spent on these studies?

    For me personally the concept of a two stage, conventional rocket powered glider where a larger unmanned booster took off conventionally from a runway and the second smaller manned glider seperated at high altutude with both landing conventionally on runways was probably the most practical. I further imagine that with all the enormous amounts of funds that were simply thrown away in developing alternative after alternative without having a coherent goal this type of orbiter/lander could now be in service today

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