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How To Check Yourself For Abnormal Genes

Posted by timothy on Tue Jul 08, 2008 06:40 AM
from the first-grab-some-family-photos dept.
AnneWoahHickey writes "While the State of California was harassing personalized genomics companies, and hindering the development of personalized medicine, Wired was preparing a guide to genetic testing. It explains how to make sense of the massive sets of raw data offered by 23andMe or deCODEme, and a way to check yourself for genetic abnormalities that are not covered by microarray tests. Facing a medical community that is fiercely resistant to change, the fate of personalized medicine is truly in the hands of consumers."
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  • Oh Come ON! (Score:2, Funny)

    by Anonymous Coward
    You up reading Slashdot at this hour. Don't worry about checking. You got 'em.
  • don't worry (Score:5, Funny)

    by larry bagina (561269) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @06:54AM (#24098141) Journal
    if you're reading this, you're unlikely to have offspring.
  • Important caveats (Score:5, Informative)

    by redalertbulb (1321747) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:00AM (#24098197)
    OK - so first of all 23andme et al do not search for "abnormal genes" - they look for common polymorphisms present in human DNA sequences. These are not abnormal, simply different. Secondly, rs numbers found in association with disease are practically valueless without the underlying functional data, plus replication of the association in different populations. For Zeus' sake, bear this in mind if you ever get one of these tests!
    • Re:Important caveats (Score:5, Interesting)

      by stranger_to_himself (1132241) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:10AM (#24098285) Journal

      Wired kindly point out that to get any ethically sound advice you should go to a genetic counsellor.

      Why the rest of the article is there is then a bit bewlidering. It's like they're saying if you want meaningless information and bad or dangerous advice, and you want to pay a lot of money for it, these are the places to go.

    • Re: (Score:2, Informative)

      by Anonymous Coward

      http://www.snpedia.com

      is a database of the associations between rs numbers and disease associations.

    • by ultranova (717540) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @10:00AM (#24100329)

      More importantly, if you find out that you do have abnormal genes, and nonetheless say that you are healthy to the medical insurance company, have you just committed a fraud, and can the insurance company deny a claim on that basis ?

    • People forget that genetic counselling is much more than simply "checking some polymorphisms". But even if you ever get results by deCODEme or 23andme, these results are numbers and you need to make sense out of them using sensible statistics to quantify the real danger of developing a disease.

      That's extremely difficult especially for multifactorial maladies which environment plays a major role. If you want serious answers get a professional explain and investigate, don't simply rely on DNA companies.

      In

  • No way in hell (Score:5, Informative)

    by Biotech9 (704202) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:00AM (#24098203) Homepage

    No way in hell anyone who hasn't had massive experience with PCR is going to get results from a DIY PCR. Extracting DNA from a sample is dead easy with the latest generation of kits, and DNA Is fairly stable stuff, but PCR protocols, although simple, are incredibly touchy and take a lot of time to get consistent results from.

    The rough equivalent of having a page that says to Joe Public that he can either pay some professional to build a custom database for his companies needs, or he can download OpenOffice and do it himself. It's only cheaper if you don't put a value on time, quality or results.

    • Re:No way in hell (Score:5, Interesting)

      by Nit Picker (9292) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @08:14AM (#24098889)

      I agree with your basic statement, but I read the article in a different way: "You can ban the labs, but this knowledge wants to be free. Amateurs can step into the vacuum if the pros are kept out."

      Just as the early PC's were toys that developed into powerful tools, there is a potential for the interested public to start with haphazard work and, if denied a legitimate source of the information, develop into something usable.

    • Re:No way in hell (Score:5, Informative)

      by Cattus Curiosus (970543) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @11:18AM (#24101613)

      No way in hell anyone who hasn't had massive experience with PCR is going to get results from a DIY PCR...PCR protocols, although simple, are incredibly touchy and take a lot of time to get consistent results from.

      I have to disagree with you here, at least for checking a specific, limited set of loci. IAAMB (molecular biologist) but I don't have "massive" experience with PCR and yet I've never had trouble getting it to work by following standard protocols using quality reagents (e.g. from NEB [neb.com]) and primers (from IDT [idtdna.com]). As long as the DIY guide included directions to use IDT's software to assist them in choosing primers and to determine the annealing temperature to use during the PCR cycle, I don't see why your typical DIYer with access to some old lab equipment wouldn't be able to get it to work as long as the DNA prep was good.

      I would imagine a limiting factor to this approach would be the cost of the necessary equipment, with thermocyclers running in the thousands of dollars.

  • by Anonymous Coward on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:02AM (#24098217)

    Yes, I know, I must be new here...

    • by intx13 (808988) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @08:03AM (#24098779) Homepage
      I agree: harassing personalized genomics companies? a medical community that is fiercely resistant to change? I believe the issue in California was privacy; lawmakers wanted to require that genetic results be sent to a patient's doctor, to provide a safeguard against fraud. While (maybe) controversial, probably not so broadly accepted as a Bad Thing to warrant this summary.

      Unless you're posting in the comments, Slashdot is not your pulpit!
      • Requiring the test results not be released to anyone but the PATIENT would strike me as a benefit to privacy. No releasing to anyone but the doctor is a whole different issue, having nothing to do with privacy and everything to do with an (justified or not) lack of faith in the general public's ability to have access to their own data without turning into raging hypochondriacs.
        • Why don't you tell me why I need someone with an MD behind their name to tell me what a standard output from a machine which takes a centrifuge of my spit, processes it through a standard chip and pulls out my dna composed against probable issues I could have, which THEN I can do a high-end explicit test from an MD afterwards?

          You don't need the MD for the actual processing of the sample. As you put it, a monkey could do it.
          You need the MD for the counselling that goes together with the result giving. To avoid people misinterpreting the results, putting wild theories because one test came back as positive, or to notice that the patient is too much distressed after some news and might be at risk of doing something crazy.

          You also need an MD to discuss before hand of the utility of the test, their significance, what they are *actual

  • by hyperz69 (1226464) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:03AM (#24098221)
    I shop at the Levi Irregular Outlet. Good prices!
    • by Pascoea (968200) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @08:09AM (#24098837)
      I have found that as long as your jeans don't say abercrombie, american-eagle, jnco, or hollister, and they cover your entire ass, they are perfectly ok. It's those other "irregular" jeans that people should be checking for, and doing our best to weed out of the population. I find it is very easy to lure them into a big hole. All you have to do is drag some obscenely big sunglasses along on a string. Kind of like fishing, for stupid people.
  • DIY? Really? (Score:3, Insightful)

    by FlyingBishop (1293238) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:03AM (#24098223)

    "Design and Order PCR primers and controls"

    "You'll need a cloning kit"

    "Copy the DNA with the PCR reaction"

    "Sequence the amplified genetic material."

    While going to specialists sounds reasonable, we've only just reached the stage where testing large numbers of people is feasible, and only really through DNA microarrays.

    The idea that you could do it yourself using methods invented in the mid-90's methods is just silly.

    • D'ya think?

    • The average person, no. The obsessed amature with training in a closely related enough field to be able to follow protocols precisely (any branch of biology and a lot of chemistry), with enough money to afford these supplies (probably dozens of times over given how finicky PCR can be even under controlled laboratory conditions) would probably genotype themselves for 5-10 alleles. But I think a lot of people are missing the point of this article. It's not that everyone could do it, or even anyone really SHO
  • Up next. (Score:3, Funny)

    by AltGrendel (175092) <{ag-slashdot} {at} {exit0.us}> on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:08AM (#24098271) Homepage
    Reading assembler code without a reference manual for the masses.
  • by Lazy Jones (8403) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:08AM (#24098277) Homepage Journal
    • by stranger_to_himself (1132241) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:25AM (#24098427) Journal

      Thanks for the link. Since we're at it, I'll repost a link I posted in response to the thread a couple of weeks ago on the same subject.

      The US Government Accountability Office compiled a report of genetic testing that is available here [gao.gov]. I'm not posting any quotes from it but its quite strongly worded conclusions are that these online genetic tests are at best worthless and at worst harmful. Any government that doesn't try to shut them down is being negligent.

  • Use a mirror. Pointy head? alarmingly low/thick/broad brow? Lantern jaw? Narrow eyes remarkably close together? Then you probably won't easily get medical insurance, what with all the hooch and the home grown tobaccy. But never mind, you still got your banjo, your smooth bore and your free AOL CD.
    • Use a mirror. Pointy head? alarmingly low/thick/broad brow? Lantern jaw? Narrow eyes remarkably close together? Then you probably won't easily get medical insurance, what with all the hooch and the home grown tobaccy. But never mind, you still got your banjo, your smooth bore and your free AOL CD.

      I still can't for the life of me figure out why some people think that slashdot is populated by elitist snobs and condescending asshats. There's simply no evidence for that. It would be interesting, though, to s
      • Don't know about you, but MY squirrel pot-pies always start out with dead squirrels. That way, I don't have to chase them around the kitchen.
  • specialized companies test genes. brac gene (breast cancer), apoe (alzheimer's), fragile x, etc. you can do this by mail even

    just make sure to use a name like donald duck or dick johnson. you don't want this info getting to insurance companies

    might as well test that little 1 year old (not any older, consider the trauma for the kid) for parentage too. it has been speculated that something like 10% of babies born before the age of genetic testing were raised by fathers oblivious to the fact they were not the real genetic father of the kid

      • but i am already envisioning the late night infomercials

        a little bit of knowledge + a lot of fear = $$$

        "did you know that 1 out of 10 people are predisposed to diabetes genetically and don't even know it. you owe it to your loved ones to make sure that your genetic makeup is solid for their future. luckily at genestar, we have perfected the advanced diagnostic tests for your peace of mind. at some fancy genetic testing labs, they charge upwards of $1,500 for these kinds of tests. but at genestar, you can gi

  • Yeah, this is never going to cause huge panics amongst the dumb/easily influenced when they mess their test up and get dodgy results.

    Yet another way to part the gullible from his money, I guess.

  • Superheroes (Score:4, Funny)

    by needs2bfree (1256494) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:24AM (#24098423)
    Finally! A way to find out why I get green and big when I get angry!
  • by wild_quinine (998562) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:25AM (#24098425)
    And remember, if you see something you don't like you've got the source code...
  • by Polir (675291) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:37AM (#24098527)
    This article was clearly written by someone who has no clues to this kind of work. It covers the basic steps although the draft described would not even work (designing primers just by picking 20 bp sequences without checking if you design them into some repeat, or other non unique sequence, without checking that there is no hairpin formation, no primer dimers etc, also he just says 40 cycles in PCR machine without saying that for each prime pairs you need a specific annealing step and describing what other heating steps are required in the PCR machine). Other thing is that he forgot to mention costs and time to do this. Lets say a primer pair is just $1 (it is more even if you order the smallest amount) and one PCR run is roughly 2 hours (with 40 samples) also preparing 40 different samples takes like at least 1 hour of work. Plus you need the materials for PCR (PCR grade water, MgCl2, buffer, the polymerase ensyme, for like 100 reactions at cheapest you can buy them for like $50-100). The PCR machine cost will be almost negligible with its $1000. Now calculate the costs and time needed for like 1 million SNPS. And you realize that home made traditional PCR techniques won't work. Lastly what if you find some SNPs different than others. You need to know the different databases, you need to be able to filter the 99% junk from somethign valid since most of the SNPs are just variations without any change of the functionality. At best they are linked to some disease at a given population and could have no meaning at an other population.
  • by CupBeEmpty (720791) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:45AM (#24098591) Homepage
    "Facing a medical community that is fiercely resistant to change..." really? Thats a bold claim to make especially considering the amount of medical research that happens in this country.
  • Facing a medical community that is fiercely resistant to change, the fate of personalized medicine is truly in the hands of consumers.

    Why you'd want this: Hypochondriasis [wikipedia.org]

  • by Lhooqtoo (876551) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:57AM (#24098719)
    Services like those mentioned in TFA may be able to provide information on which genetic variants a person carries, but will not interpret those results. Non-scientists, and even scientists seem to over estimate the ability of modern genetics to assign meaning to common genetic variation. Your average M.D. when confronted with a print out of a patients 'mutations' would be completely unable to make heads or tails of them. There are few instances such as cystic fibrosis, where the etiology is well known, and known mutations WILL cause disease. In other cases such as BRCA in breast cancer, 'mutations' are risk factors for disease. In the vast majority of cases, modern genetics has no idea what a 'mutation' at rs39842093 might actually do. These services are expensive, ambiguous, and require a certain measure of vanity on the part of the consumer. If you have a family history of disease X, there may be a small number of 'mutations' for which you might be tested that could actually impact your future health, and those services are provided by someone other than 23andMe. Biology is a bit different than technology in that observing that biology works does not imply that someone knows how it works. (Creationists can bite me.)
  • about said genetic abnormalities? I have one that caused me(and my brother) to be born with 6 fingers and toes, we had surgery as infants to correct the abnormality, but obviously the code is still in my genes. How would one go about telling someone that they wanted to have kids with about a genetic abnormality? Or should you wait until after the bun is in the oven so to speak....
    • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

      If you're at the point where you're discussing the strong possibility of starting a family, you owe it to your partner and yourself to be completely open about your medical history and that of your ancestors. Waiting until after what many people consider to be the point of no return is grossly unfair to your partner and the potential child.
    • about said genetic abnormalities? I have one that caused me(and my brother) to be born with 6 fingers....

      I know someone who is looking for you...

  • The State of California is trying to shut down direct-to-consumer genetic testing services.

    Can anyone tell me if this is complete hyperbole, or if it's the real deal? For that matter, why does the CA legislature even care about this?

  • Step 1 (Score:4, Funny)

    by The Wookie (31006) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @08:30AM (#24099109)

    Step 1: Hold your leftmost tentacle approximately 4-6 inches from your middle eye.

  • by ponos (122721) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @08:34AM (#24099147)

    Speaking as someone who has done a PhD on genome-wide microarray SNP analysis, I can tell you that we are not yet at a point of maturity where you can simply put a drop of blood in a machine and get reliable prognostic information or lifestyle and treatment recommendations.

    The technology is actively researched, i.e. most often we're not looking at the results from a clinical standpoint but as an indicator of the performance of a certain method. Practically speaking, only research centers are interested at the stuff and you would be extremely hard pressed to convince practicing doctors to incorporate current results in their everyday work, even though some studies have appeared in famous medical journals (New England Journal of Medicine, Nature etc). Using software notation, the results are "alpha" grade at the moment.

    That being said, there is no harm in knowing that you have an Adenine in position XXXX. Harm comes from acting upon that knowledge without sufficient clinical evidence.

    P.

  • If you have a huge proboscis and you're wearing Jordache, you're screwed on both counts.

  • by LightPhoenix7 (1070028) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @08:46AM (#24099299)

    Whoever wrote this article shows a gross misunderstanding about how genetics actually works. The central dogma of genetics applies here: DNA is transcribed into mRNA, and translated into proteins, which can then be post-translationally modified.,

    First - a single nucleotide change may or may not cause a "genetic defect." Translation involves taking three nucleotides (aka bases) and getting the appropriate amino acid from that. There are 20 common amino acids, and 64 combinations - so there is some overlap. If the changes nucleotide doesn't change the corresponding amino acid, it doesn't matter.

    Second - not all mutations are harmful. If a mutation happens in an exon (a piece that is cut out), there may well be no difference if there is a mutation there or not. Even if it' is in a part that is kept, it may not be in a part of the protein that dictates structure or function.

    Third - most organisms, including humans, have built in redundancies and backups. Losing a gene doesn't usually mean losing the protein, because often something else will make the product another way, or compensate. In diploid organisms often this can be duplicated genes or the other allele.

    In short, in order to truly make sense of the data given by these companies you really need to know at least the basics of genetics and have an understanding of how the gene and protein work. These are no small tasks and, surprise, generally results in getting a degree in some branch of biology.

  • by peter303 (12292) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @09:36AM (#24099963)
    Most abnormal genes arent expressed for unclear reasons. You just spend money on useless information and mental energy worrying about the results.
  • by dstates (629350) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @12:01PM (#24102341) Homepage

    Give me a break - the medical community is enthusiastic to the point being mesmerized by personalized medicine. Consumers need to worry about the "self fulfilling monopoly" aspects of personalized therapy. Once you have spent a lot of time and money diagnosing your unique disorder, the drug company offering you a customized treatment effectively has no competition. There is a good chance that they will charge painfully exorbitant prices. Look at recently released cancer drugs like Avastin, treatment costs $90k per patient per year!

    The real issue is demonstrating that these strategies are effective when the specific treatments are only being given to a single patient. Hard to design an objective clinical trial validating efficacy under those conditions. The fate of personalized medicine is truly in the hands of the FDA.

    P.S. Agree completely with the comments that this "how to" article is infeasible and written by someone with serious misunderstandings of the technology and underlying science.

    • by Thanshin (1188877) on Tuesday July 08 2008, @07:15AM (#24098335)

      Bucket? Stapler?

      I think you're talking about the more advanced operation "How to remove your liver and live just long enough to put it in a bucket.

      People should start with "Remove your liver" that just requires the knife, and then grow up to more complex things.

      If you enjoyed this comment you may also like:
      "Replacing your blood with pink lemonade and how to stop the brutal pain".