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Self-Healing Artificial Muscles

Posted by kdawson on Thu Mar 20, 2008 04:04 PM
from the carbon-nanotube-acupuncture dept.
Biotech Upgrades Science
Valor1016 writes "Researchers in California have developed an artificial muscle that heals itself and generates electricity. 'We've made an artificial muscle that, when you apply electricity to it, it expands, more than 200 percent, the motion and energy is a lot like human muscles,' said Qibing Pei, a scientist at UCLA and study author. The researchers used flexible carbon nanotubes as electrodes. If an area of the carbon nanotube fails, the region around it seals itself by becoming non-conductive and prevents the damage from spreading to other areas. This material also conserves about 70% of the energy you put into it. As the material contracts after an expansion the rearranging of the carbon nanotubes generates a small electric current that can be captured and used to power another expansion or stored in a battery. The research appeared in the January issue of Advanced Materials."
+ -
story

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Submission: We can make you stronger. by Valor1016 (1259276)
[+] Self-Healing System Applied to Aviation 76 comments
ScienceDaily is reporting that the self-healing materials are being used in some new aircraft designs. We covered several self-healing systems in the past months, but it is nice to see it starting to find practical applications. "This simple but ingenious technique, similar to the bruising and bleeding/healing processes we see after we cut ourselves, has been developed by aerospace engineers at Bristol University, with funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). It has potential to be applied wherever fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are used. These lightweight, high-performance materials are proving increasingly popular not only in aircraft but also in car, wind turbine and even spacecraft manufacture. The new self-repair system could therefore have an impact in all these fields."
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  • NOT Healing (Score:5, Insightful)

    by Anonymous Coward on Thursday March 20 2008, @04:08PM (#22811924)
    The muscle does not heal. It shuts down damaged areas "to prevent spread of damage."
     
    Typically, "healing" refers to repair of damage, not isolation of damage.

    • Re:NOT Healing (Score:4, Interesting)

      by gnick (1211984) on Thursday March 20 2008, @04:36PM (#22812268) Homepage
      It sounds similar to the rip-proof diamond weave fabric used for hot air balloons. You can cut/puncture it, but the damage will stay isolated. Still, it's far better than the normal situation in these cases where surrounding material near the defect, because it's all interdependent, becomes weaker and perpetuates the damage.

    • Re:NOT Healing (Score:5, Funny)

      by AdmiralWeirdbeard (832807) on Thursday March 20 2008, @04:52PM (#22812422)
      Though you are correct, I'm not gonna worry about it too much if its on the nanotube level of things. A few tubes out of commission will hardly keep my massively muscular robot body from raining down destruction upon mine enemies.
      • Said like a true super villain, just before the hero exploits your only weakness and unleashes a horde of advanced nanotube-tearing nanobots on you.
        • As long as I could still shout "OH NOOOO MY EVIL PLAAAAAAaaaannnssssss," as I died, it would be *totally* worth it.
          • ohhh yes. Especially If you raised a defiant robot fist at the end which broke apart and disintegrated as your last mournful cry echoed out over the devastated battle ground. That would be freaking sweet.

            Ok, you get started with the giant robot, and I'll get to work on the nanobots.
    • Actually, biological muscles aren't healing beyond minor damage either. Damaged areas are patched with connective tissue, so the damage doesn't spread and affect the muscle as a whole in a significant way, but the fibers affected will remain a bit weaker.
      • In general biological systems don't *heal* - they isolate, scar over, then grow new tissue under the scar tissue and eventually slough off the old scar tissue as a standard process along with any *old* tissue.

        So what the artificial muscle needs is a means to add new *tissue* and a means to evacuate dead *tissue*

        I can see a method similar to what insects use for their carapace as a viable way to do this... but that's a whole new challenge.

  • Question (Score:5, Insightful)

    by Sabz5150 (1230938) on Thursday March 20 2008, @04:09PM (#22811932)
    I'm no doctor, but...

    We've made an artificial muscle that, when you apply electricity to it, it expands
    Isn't that backwards?
    • I was about to say the same thing. How is an expanding material like a muscle again? One of the nice things about contracting actuators is that they don't buckle under load. This goes back to the 'pushing rope' concept. I'm calling "good work, but don't call it a muscle".
      • Aren't muscles constant volume? They expand perpendicular to the direction of contraction.

        • Re: (Score:3, Interesting)

          by clonan (64380)
          Since muscle expansion and contraction is always referenced in the direction of force, the article disagrees with you.

          The power stroke for a biological muscle is the contraction. While these "muscles" are interesting and could have many uses, powering limbs is not likely to be one in their current configuration.
          • Can't you still use them for prosthetics? For at least some of the simplier joints, I can see it working. You just have to reverse everything, so your bicep now opens your elbow, and your tricep closes it. But I agree, I would be much better if they figured out 'real muscle'.

            • Re:Question (Score:4, Insightful)

              by clonan (64380) on Thursday March 20 2008, @04:47PM (#22812376)
              It is the "How do you push rope" question.

              In order to be biologically uselfull they will need to be pliant and flexible. If they are pliant and flexible they won't have the tensile strength to move bones around.

        • Aren't muscles constant volume? They expand perpendicular to the direction of contraction.
          Yes. "Expand" They keep using that word, but I do not think it means what they think it means. Human muscles contract and relax . Not the same thing at all.
          • I know that, but I was guessing that they might be refering to expansion in another direction. Like muscles maybe?

    • I have an application (Score:5, Funny)

      by iknownuttin (1099999) on Thursday March 20 2008, @04:35PM (#22812252)

      I'm no doctor, but... We've made an artificial muscle that, when you apply electricity to it, it expands Isn't that backwards?

      Well, I see great applications in artificial penises. Much better than the pump ones!

      • Not so sure.. a penis isn't a muscle... it expands due to blood pressure not due to muscular action. An expanding material just isn't going to have the same strength.
  • When I first heard about nanotechnology, all I saw was people creating pretty shapes with it. Now after only a few short years we have NanoSolar [nanosolar.com] and stuff like this muscle... I really start to wonder what could be around the corner.

    • I really start to wonder what could be around the corner.

      Grey goo?

      • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

        by clonan (64380)
        Nah, Grey Goo is thermodynamically impossible...

        To get nano scale replicators you would get an extremly complex molecule/molecule system and at the same time to manipulate it on an atom scale you would need very high energy concentrations.

        One thing we know from biochem is that very large molecules (like DNA, proteins etc) don't last long in high energy environments.

        Nanotech replicators will requier very controlled environments and very high energy working medium to function. Outside of thoes controlled con
          • 100 watts/meter^2 (solar flux assuming a 100% conversion) is several orders of magnitude too low....you would need to provide each assembler a small nuclear power plant so it would have enough power to maintain itself AND create more.

            Look at how much space solar needs to power an average home...

            The world is extremely messy and active nanotech like would be necessary for the "Gray Goo" scenario are going to be very fragile.

            Only in a highly controlled environment will they be practicle.

      • Re:Nanotechnology is very interesting. (Score:4, Insightful)

        by susano_otter (123650) on Thursday March 20 2008, @05:40PM (#22812902) Homepage
        Given that the earth is full of nanomachine colonies trying desperately to consume all available resources and expand indefinitely, I'm pretty sure grey goo won't be all that interesting. If algae and fungi haven't taken over the world after several billion years of trying...
          • You mistake my point. I'm not saying that natural competitors will defeat grey goo. I'm saying that I don't expect grey goo to outperform algae, or fungi. If these advanced evolutionary products still haven't figured out how to find enough material and energy resources to take over the world, I doubt grey goo will somehow outperform them.

            Unless by "grey goo" you mean "nanomachines that can magically find sources of food an energy millions of times more abundant than those available to similar, naturally-ev
  • SPAMMERS....
    • I don't see this getting all the way to the "Enlarge your member" spammers. As soon as somebody got to the line, "Simply apply voltage to your...", the sale would be out the window.

  • If you get them ANGRY... (Score:3, Funny)

    by Zymergy (803632) * on Thursday March 20 2008, @04:13PM (#22811976)
    ...Do they turn GREEN and get BIGGER?

  • Amazing! (Score:3, Insightful)

    by MaWeiTao (908546) on Thursday March 20 2008, @04:13PM (#22811980)
    Is there anything carbon nanotubes can't do? Every few weeks I read about some new application for those things; space elevators, batteries, muscles, it just doesn't end. I'm honestly impressed.
    • Umm, be economically viable in any application up to this point? They're extremely useful in all sorts of theories, but they've been worthless for consumers thus far. There was a time when the words "carbon nanotube" made me sit up and listen, now it just makes me yawn.
      • All the things he mentioned are not economically viable. However Carbon Nanotubes are already being used to stiffen items made with carbon fiber. This includes bicycles among other things. So there are some viable applications.
    • Carbon nanotubes cannot act as veins/arteries, at least as of yet. When that happens, humanity will be taking a whole new direction, at least in the commerce section.

  • Self healing? (Score:5, Informative)

    by ruin20 (1242396) on Thursday March 20 2008, @04:15PM (#22812002)
    The system isn't so much self healing as failure resistant. The fact that broken nanotubes seal themselves in order to prevent damage from spreading doesn't mean that they are self healing, just that they don't propagate failure. They don't regain strength over time after being damaged. Also the fact that they recover 70% of energy used doesn't make them energy efficient, energy efficient would be to find out that the energy used to exert a force over a distance or the power required to get the actuator to push a load at a velocity was nearly equivalent to the electrical input. Plus even if it was really efficient you still need to supply the power in the first place, so there's a high overhead. Even at 100% efficiency for the non-recoverable energy, you'd be supplying 333% of what you got out in physical labor from the device.
    • Yikes! Didn't you learn about kinetic and potential energy when you were a kid? If a robot arm using this muscle is used to lift something then it creates potential energy. When that object is put down it will be changed to kinetic energy and that's where the muscle could recover part of the energy it used to lift the item in the first place.
      • I will make no statement as to the parent's %age claims, but the general thesis *seems* to be fundamentally correct. Whether or not human muscles are that efficient is by definition moot(pertaining to this /. discussion).

      • Re:Self healing? (Score:4, Funny)

        by ArcherB (796902) on Thursday March 20 2008, @04:52PM (#22812420) Journal

        But still are human muscles that efficient?
        I don't know what the exact numbers are, but when this thing can work all day on a bowl of rice, we'll call it more efficient.

        • Re:Self healing? (Score:5, Informative)

          by SatanicPuppy (611928) * <Satanicpuppy@gmai3.14159l.com minus pi> on Thursday March 20 2008, @05:17PM (#22812684) Journal
          Well calories convert to joules, so say a 1500-calorie (kcal, because food calories are kilocalories for whatever reason) diet converts to (1,500,000 * 4.18) = 6,270,000 joules, which converts to about 2 kilowatt hours...So enough juice to run your microwave for a couple of hours, or a 100watt bulb for 20 hours.

          Not too shabby for the amount of energy in a "Double Whopper" meal (with cheese) from Burger King.

  • Contraction speed (Score:3, Interesting)

    by Anonymous Coward on Thursday March 20 2008, @04:25PM (#22812136)
    One big question about artificial muscles is about the time required for the muscle to contract. One can make an artificial muscle out of an aligned block copolymer, but it would generally take hours to do anything after the electric potential is applied.

    Reversibility, flexibility, bio-compatibility, and tensile strength are also important considerations. When the article is published in Advanced Materials, I'm actually going to read it to find out.

  • BAD pun, BAD! (Score:3, Funny)

    by RobertB-DC (622190) on Thursday March 20 2008, @04:35PM (#22812250) Homepage Journal
    From TFA:
    Artificial muscles have been around for years but have essentially hamstrung themselves. Some artificial muscles get so big they tear, developing uneven film thickness and random particles that cause muscle failure.

    Grooooooan. I guess I'm dating myself, but I remember when the Discovery Channel had something to do with "science". :(
  • ... I think the whole thing is a SHAM.

  • Ah'll be bahck (Score:3, Funny)

    by Ihmhi (1206036) on Thursday March 20 2008, @05:12PM (#22812634)
    Wait, so they've invented a muscle that can isolate damage and keep on going? Didn't anyone learn ANYTHING from Terminator 2? T-1000, here we come...

  • Another expansion (Score:3, Interesting)

    by brassman (112558) on Thursday March 20 2008, @08:03PM (#22814314) Homepage
    "As the material contracts after an expansion the rearranging of the carbon nanotubes generates a small electric current that can be captured and used to power another expansion or stored in a battery."

    The other expansion should not be of the same muscle, of course; alternate between two opposing muscles and you can get a very efficient walking motion going.

    (I said "walking," dammit, not "wanking!")

    All of the posts complaining that "muscles should contract, not expand" -- hey, it's not that hard to use an expansion to create a useful pulling force. Wrap an elastic sleeve around it that will get shorter as it gets rounder, and mechanically it will work very much like a muscle.

    • If this ran on a tasty steak (like our muscles), then I'd say it could beat intelligent design

    • Re:Better than the real thing (Score:4, Insightful)

      by moderatorrater (1095745) on Thursday March 20 2008, @04:18PM (#22812046)
      How exactly is it better than the real thing?
      1. it doesn't heal itself, just mitigates the damage.
      2. requires carbon nanotubes which would be very hard to manufacture inside a self contained unit.
      3. requires electricity.
      Is it awesome? Yes. Is it better than human muscle? No, just different.

      • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

        by Anonymous Coward
        1) Biological muscles don't repair beyond minor damage either. Be it nanotubes or protein-based fibers, either can and will break eventually, usually in tiny amounts at a time. Those ruptures are usually contained, but not repaired. Otherwise injuries wouldn't permanently debilitate the muscle nor we'd grow weaker as we grow older.
        2) Well, that's why they're figuring out better production methods.
        3) Er, biological muscles do need electricity too. Nervous system? Sodium-Potassium exchange?
      • Is it better than human muscle? No, just different
        Tell that to the cyborgs who will kick sand in your face at the beach in 10 years.
    • Aren't those the same thing? The 'ID' concept is the antithesis to the 'random chance' argument. There is no mention of that in TFA. Unless this is an attempt at sarcasm...
    • ... and they have a self healing artifical penis that expands to up to 100 times its original size.

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