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E8 Structure Decoded

Posted by Hemos on Mon Mar 19, 2007 07:57 AM
from the get-it-down-on-paper dept.
arobic writes "A group of mathematicians from US and Europe succeeded in mapping the E8 structure, an example of a Lie group. These were developed by the well-known mathematician Sophus Lie (pronounce Lee) in the last century and are used for many applications, mainly in theoretical physics. This is an important breakthrough as it could help physicists working on Grand Unified Theories (aka GUTs)."
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[+] A New Theory of Everything? 511 comments
goatherder writes "The Telegraph is running a story about a new Unified Theory of Physics. Garrett Lisi has presented a paper called "An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything" which unifies the Standard Model with gravity — without using string theory. The trick was to use E8 geometry which you may remember from an earlier Slashdot article. Lisi's theory predicts 20 new particles which he hopes might turn up in the Large Hadron Collider."
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  • by G3ckoG33k (647276) on Monday March 19 2007, @08:02AM (#18400415)
    Pronounce it "Lee-eh"; At least that is how I would do it as a Scandinavian.
    • by Anonymous Coward on Monday March 19 2007, @08:05AM (#18400443)

      Pronounce it "Lee-eh"; At least that is how I would do it as a Canadian.
    • by Anonymous Coward on Monday March 19 2007, @08:28AM (#18400629)
      As a Norwegian, I would pronounce it "Lee". It's a bit strange I agree, but that's how that name is usually pronounced.
      • by G3ckoG33k (647276) on Monday March 19 2007, @08:44AM (#18400777)
        Thanks!

        I had to check it with a Norwegian colleague, who confirmed you pronunciation.

        (I had thought it meant 'scythe' (Sw. 'lie', No. 'ljå' [pronouced 'yaw'!]), but actually it was 'slope' (Sw. lid; with a pronouned 'd' in the high form, but silent in dialectal forms).

        So, all those years calling the Tryggve Lie a scythe was in in vain...
    • Lee-eh! L-E-E--E-H! L-E-E--E-H!

      Poor mathematician. He must've been killed by Snu-Snu. Or maybe lucky mathematician...
  • iPod (Score:3, Funny)

    by slashdottinitup (912090) on Monday March 19 2007, @08:04AM (#18400431) Journal
    FTFA:

    The magnitude and nature of the E8 calculation invite comparison with the Human Genome Project. The human genome, which contains all the genetic information of a cell, is less than a gigabyte in size. The result of the E8 calculation, which contains all the information about E8 and its representations, is 60 gigabytes. This is enough to store 45 days of continuous music in MP3-format.

    Hear that? That's the sound of Apple's iPod marketing finally reaching absolute ubiquity.

    -The Wolf
    • You find it funny. I find it a little sad... It's sad that storage size in "layman's terms" is now related to hours of MP3 playback. A whole generation of people are not going to understand storage outside of the iPod universe.
      • It's better than LoCs and telephone books. I just wish they'd mentioned the encoding bitrate...
      • Re:iPod (Score:5, Insightful)

        by SatanicPuppy (611928) * <Satanicpuppy@@@gmail...com> on Monday March 19 2007, @09:02AM (#18400937) Journal
        It's not sad. Jesus, they were still measuring things in "War and Peace"'s a few years ago! At least now they're measuring it in an actual digital object, and moreover, it makes sense to a lot of people because a lot of people have gotten to the point where they actually appreciate that those files on their computer have an actual "size" at all!

        It seems lame to us...Hell I remember when hard drives measured in tens of megabytes, and space was a real issue, all the time. Geeks deal in so many different types of digital files, so many different formats...Tell a geek its "45 hours of mp3 music" and they'll say, "At what bitrate?"

        But for a layman to actually be able to measure space in terms of things that you can't physically touch? That's a pretty big accomplishment.
    • This is enough to store 45 days of continuous music in MP3-format.

      Hear that? That's the sound of Apple's iPod marketing finally reaching absolute ubiquity.

      Sorry, I'm still trying to convert it to furlongs per fortnight [slashdot.org]
  • by spazmolytic666 (549909) on Monday March 19 2007, @08:05AM (#18400441) Journal
    Pronounce it "Lee-eh"; At least that is how I would do it as a Scandinavian.

    It's PRINCESS "Lee-eh" you insensitive clod!
  • Obviously they didn't read this book [amazon.com]

    It does remind me of string theory a bit, though. Heavy on cool math. Light on any practical application.
  • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_(mathematics) [wikipedia.org]

    Seriously, these articles, as most in Math category, are totally undecipherable to most normal users. TG there is a Wikipedia somewhere, sometimes they are closer to layman.
    • by kestasjk (933987) * on Monday March 19 2007, @08:27AM (#18400609) Homepage
      Should an encyclopedia try to give a layman's definition of something that probably really is beyond the reach of the average person?
      • by Tx (96709) on Monday March 19 2007, @08:43AM (#18400763) Journal
        IMHO, yes. There are few subjects where the layman (that's me) can't at least be given an idea of what the subject is about, if the material is written well. I hold up books such as Hyperspace by Michio Kaku as examples of how to convey complex subject matter to the layman, in a very readable and comprehensible way.
        • by superwiz (655733) on Monday March 19 2007, @09:59AM (#18401511) Journal
          Actually, that's not the case. To give an analogy, say you are working on optimization of some process involved in database storage. Could you explain what that means to your mother (assuming your mother does not have a technical background)? You couldn't say anything beyond vagueries like "making faster" or "making more efficient". Well, on that level, Lie groups describe continuous symmetries (like rotations of a sphere). To get to a level even a little bit deeper would take a 1 semester undergraduate course just to learn what is going on. Sometimes specilization creates escoteric fields. That's just how it is. Math is "universal" because all the math that you are used to seeing was developed 200+ years ago, so it is the root of all knowledge that we now call mathematics. So as every laymen who knows some abc's, you want to think that the specilized knowledge in the subject is not outside of your grasp. Well, again, try explaining to your mother the finer points of what you do. And again (again) realize that specilized knowledge in a discipline does not make the knowledge useless -- it markes the discipline as a professional (rather than hobbyist) endeavor.
          • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

            Kaku devoted a whole book to his explanation and the previous poster actually wanted to understand what Kaku was talking about.

            If the reader actually wants to know, most people really don't, well I should say they just don't care, then given a moderate sized layman's explanation of it in a paper or book will usually suffice.

            You stated:

            optimization of some process involved in database storage

            Something like this is simple to explain to people unaware of the inner workings of databases. You just explain it referencing something similar like a book with an index at

          • by jd (1658) <imipak.yahoo@com> on Monday March 19 2007, @12:31PM (#18403361) Homepage Journal
            Well, yes. There are usually analogies to any computational process that mere terrans (as opposed to us elves from the planet Tharkquark) can understand.

            Let's take the database optimization. Databases are merely methods of storing and organizing data. Let's say that you are denormalizing a relational database, splitting it into locally-connected "islands" and running each island on its own load-balancing system. This is no trivial setup - you have changed the structure of the data and are running it on a cluster where each "node" on that cluster is itself a cluster. This is no trivial thing that - computationally - is outside the realms of more than a few database engineers. How many companies do you know that run database hypercubes as a matter of course?

            Can this be explained to the layperson? Sure. Denormalizing is duplicating information. If your mother didn't build a deck of cards holding favorite recipes from a bunch of recipe books, she's probably the only one who didn't. Duplicating data to make it easy and quick to look up is something almost everyone does at some time or other. If you're having trouble explaining this, point to the examples around you.

            Load-balancing? Virtually everyone is familiar with sharing the workload.

            Dividing up into self-contained sets of records and clustering them? That doesn't sound very real-worldish. Well, yes it is. Departments, compartments, apartments - all different ways to describe isolated groups of self-relating entities that nonetheless can interact in defined ways.

            There is absolutely no problem in computing that you can describe that does not have a real-world counterpart. This is a direct consequence of Turing's definition of Computable. If the layman doesn't understand, it is not because they can't, it's because nobody took the time.

        • Re: (Score:2, Insightful)

          Most technical jargon has very precise semantics and can't be transcoded into "laymans' terms" without an absurd explosion of verbosity that ultimately takes more time to wade through than just learning the technical vocabulary in the first place.

          However, speaking as an applied mathematician, I look for a list of applications of a concept. Since this is basically informational content it is readily found on Wikipedia or elsewhere and typically vastly easier to understand than the concept itself. Given tha
        • Re: (Score:2, Interesting)

          To paraphrase what my history teacher used to say, Wikipedia articles like this (in fact, any article in any encyclopedia!) should be as simple as possible, but at the same time as complex as necessary. In other words, simplifying the presentation of a concept or an object is good, but it shouldn't reach a point where the actual nature of the concept or object in question is warped.

          That being said, there's always the option of having both a "thorough" and a "simple" version of an article, too; see e.g. [[M-
      • Re: (Score:2, Interesting)

        I've found that the mathematics pages on Wikipedia really are attempting to explain to the layman. Granted - to understand the issue you may have to spider around to various other articles - like the (very good) main pages on Groups and Topology. For comparison look at the equivalent pages on mathworld.wolfram.org where the material is presented with far less explanation. Wikipedia here is probably a non-mathematicians best shot at getting the point of the issue.
    • All you need to know is that the analysis of e8 took 60 GB to store:

      This is enough to store 45 days of continuous music in MP3-format.


      They put some things in layman's terms ;-p as apparently math people reading up on this obscure topic can't figure out what 60 GB of storage can really hold.
  • Not a Lie Group. (Score:3, Informative)

    by WK2 (1072560) on Monday March 19 2007, @08:21AM (#18400567) Homepage
    E8 is not a Lie Group. E8 is the biggest Lie Group. Here are a few links for more accurate info:

    http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6466129. stm [bbc.co.uk]
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_(mathematics) [wikipedia.org]
    • If it's not a Lie Group, how can it be the biggest Lie group?

      Or do you mean "E8 is not just a Lie group..."

    • by haakondahl (893488) on Monday March 19 2007, @09:47AM (#18401379)
      From TFA: Mathematicians study symmetries in higher dimensions. E_8 has 248 dimensions. "What's attractive about studying E_8 is that it's as complicated as symmetry can get. Mathematics can almost always offer another example that's harder than the one you're looking at now, but for Lie groups E_8 is the hardest one," Vogan said.

      Mine goes to E_11.

      • As other had said it is not the biggest Lie group, there are two families Ak and Dk of lie groups which are infinite sequences. You can think of Ak as the symmetry of the trianagle, tetrahedron, 4-simplex, ..... there one of these for each dimension. Likewise Dk is related to the symetry of the square, cube, hyper-cube and n-dimensional cube. To these are added the so called exceptional groups, sort of like the icoshedron and its four dimensional analogue. It just so happens that these do not for an infinit
    • by Alsee (515537) on Monday March 19 2007, @10:35AM (#18401897) Homepage
      E8 is not a Lie Group. E8 is the biggest Lie Group.

      It seems somebody flunked basic set theory. :D

      -
    • E8 is not a Lie Group. E8 is the biggest Lie Group.

      QED!

  • by l2718 (514756) on Monday March 19 2007, @08:24AM (#18400593)
    Apologies -- this post uses a lot of technical jargon. However, the article is so badly written that I decided to post some remarks. And yes, I am a professional mathematician.

    First, what they mapped was not the "structure" of the Lie group E_8 -- the structure of the group has been known for a long time. What they mapped is what are called the "representations" of the group E_8, which is part of Vogan's program to understand the "unitary dual" (=list of representations) for all (reductive) Lie groups.

    Second, this has no relevance to grand unified theories. Even though a (compact) form of E_8 can be the gauge group of a GUT, the relevant representations are finite-dimensional and have been classified by Weyl decades ago [wikipedia.org].

    Finally, this is an important result. It is relevant to number theory, and to abstract mathematics in general. The fact that a (finite) computer calculation can help determining an infinite list of representation is very nice.
    • by Anonymous Coward on Monday March 19 2007, @08:38AM (#18400715)
      is, of course the third worst in the universe.
    • The fact that a (finite) computer calculation can help determining an infinite list of representation is very nice.
      That could be a good line for a processor advertising campaign. "Here at Acme, our teraflops turn infinity into finity!"
    • which is part of Vogan's program to understand the "unitary dual" (=list of representations) for all (reductive) Lie groups.

      You know, only the Vogon's would be attracted to something that produces that much paperwork.
    • Re: (Score:2, Informative)

      Finally, this is an important result. It is relevant to number theory, and to abstract mathematics in general. The fact that a (finite) computer calculation can help determining an infinite list of representation is very nice.

      Well, maybe that's surprising to some mathematicians, but this sort of thing is nearly half a century old.
    • The fact that a (finite) computer calculation can help determining an infinite list of representation is very nice.

      Sadly, Mr. Vogan was later lynched by a rampaging mob of respectable physicists who had finally realized that the one thing they really couldn't stand was a smartass.

      • CAT: [to RIMMER] What IS it?
        RIMMER: It's a rent in the space-time continuum.
        CAT: [to LISTER] What IS it?
        LISTER: The stasis room freezes time, you know, makes time stand still. So whenever you have a leak, it must preserve whatever it's leaked into, and it's leaked into this room.
        CAT: [to RIMMER] What IS it?
        RIMMER: It's a singularity, a point in the universe where the normal laws of space and time don't apply.
        CAT: [to LISTER] What IS it?
        LISTER: It's a hole back into the past.
        CAT: Oh, a magic door! Well, why
  • by CrazyJim1 (809850) on Monday March 19 2007, @08:28AM (#18400615) Journal
    "The result of the E8 calculation, which contains all the information about E8 and its representations, is 60 gigabytes. This is enough to store 45 days of continuous music in MP3-format."

    Because we know physicsts and mathematicians that would be interested in this problem would have no idea how a computer works and have to translate it into teenager speak.
    • It's more "snappy quote for journalists" speak the press release author/article writer has converted it to. 60 gigabytes is less than the size of most people's hard drives.

      You should see how much memory predicting the weather takes and that's just 4 dimensions (not 248!)
    • poor journalism with stupid, useless metrics. why can't they just stick to established industry norms? how am i supposed to know how many Libraries of Congress this is?
  • by east coast (590680) on Monday March 19 2007, @08:45AM (#18400795)
    So now we're going to have truth and lie tables?

    Stop this crazy planet. I want to get off!
    • "So now we're going to have truth and lie tables?"

      What do you mean "now"?
      These have been around since the days of the first engineers and politicians.
  • If written out on paper, the calculation describing this structure, known as E8, would cover an area the size of Manhattan.
    I'm having trouble understanding this. Could someone please restate in LOCs (Library of Congresses)?
  • Hello:

    The standard model has the symmetries U(1)xSU(2)xSU(3). The one in the middle, SU(2), is a unit quaternion, where a quaternion is like a real or complex number, but has four parts. I have developed the software to visualize quaternions at http://quaternions.sf.net/ [sf.net] using one number for time, three for space. SU(2) can be represented by the quaternion function exp(q-q*). Feed a thousand random quaternions into exp(q-q*), and get POVRay to make a nice animation. Do the same for q/|q| exp(q-q*), and you have a visual representation of the electroweak symmetry. Smash two of these together, and you get the symmetry of the standard model.

    Visually, there is a clear message: if you want to smoothly represent all possible events in spacetime as quaternions, the group description must be U(1)xSU(2)xSU(3). You won't read that in a journal because it has to be done with animations.

    http://www.theworld.com/~sweetser/quaternions/quan tum/standard_model/standard_model.html [theworld.com]

    doug
  • the answer is 42!
  • These were developed by the well-known mathematician Sophus Lie (pronounce Lee) in the last century

    Sophus Lie died in 1899. So not "last" century. TFA said "19th-century Norwegian mathematician ...".
    Y2K? PEBCAK?

  • by LotsOfPhil (982823) on Monday March 19 2007, @11:45AM (#18402819)

    In the end the calculation took about 77 hours on the supercomputer Sage. [washington.edu]
    Supercomputer my foot!

    The connection has timed out
    The server at sage.math.washington.edu is taking too long to respond.
  • by Ambitwistor (1041236) on Monday March 19 2007, @01:44PM (#18404315)
    Category theorist John Baez has a summary [utexas.edu] of this work from a mathematician's perspective. Unfortunately, you need at least an undergraduate math degree to make full sense of it, but it gives more flavor of what's really going on than a news story, and he at least defines mathematically what E8 and KLV polynomials are.

    He begins by noting, "You may hear some hype about this soon, because it's a really big calculation, and the American Institute of Mathematics has coaxed a lot of science reporters to write about it -- in part by comparing it to the human genome project. Computing the Kazhdan-Lusztig-Vogan polynomials for E 8 is certainly nowhere nearly as important as the human genome project, nor as hard! But the final result involves more data, in a sense."