Slashdot is powered by your submissions, so send in your scoop

 



Forgot your password?
typodupeerror
×
Space Science

Is the Universe Shaped Like a Funnel? 525

DrMorpheus writes "A new theory of the shape of the Cosmos posits that the Universe may be shaped like a medieval horn, according to Frank Steiner at the University of Ulm. This theory, if true, could explain several strange observations about the microwave background radiation. The Universe would be stretched out at one end into a long tube and flared out into a bell at the opposite end. The technical name for this shape is a 'Picard topology'. To quote the article, '...our Universe is curved like a Pringle, shaped like a horn, and named after a Star Trek character. You could not make it up.'"
This discussion has been archived. No new comments can be posted.

Is the Universe Shaped Like a Funnel?

Comments Filter:
  • by The I Shing ( 700142 ) * on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:12AM (#8880475) Journal
    I just have to jump in and be the first one to make the reference to Sir Bedevere's remark at the end of what could only be assumed to be a lengthy explanation to King Arthur, "...and that, my Liege, is how we know the earth to be banana shaped."

    Imagine if he'd said, "...and that, my Liege, is how we know the universe to be shaped like a trumpet." Terry Gilliam and Terry Jones might have been Nobel Prize candidates.
    • by fshalor ( 133678 ) <fshalor@comcas t . net> on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:16AM (#8880526) Homepage Journal
      Maybe that's why music soothes the soul. I mean, if the whole universe has the shape of a sound producing "horn".. (I know, the subject said "funnel" but the body says "horn" and I'm a brass player)

      My only next question is has anyone determined the resonant frequency set fot it? It's have to be almost imperceptable in the low end. Jeeze. We're talking about pico Hz here.

      Wasn't discovered a few years ago that there was a prevailing low Bb (lots of octaves below the tuba range) sounding through the universe?

      "Good Night..." dingdingdingdingding
      • by Warpedcow ( 180300 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:23AM (#8880608) Homepage Journal
        Wasn't discovered a few years ago that there was a prevailing low Bb (lots of octaves below the tuba range) sounding through the universe?

        Many electronic appliances and lights give off a very low db B-flat hum (at least in the US) because of the 60hz frequency in the electricity here (60hz = Bb). I suppose in Europe it's a different pitch (50hz).

        Anyway, because of this constant Bb that we're all subconsciously bombarded with, most people, when asked to hum ANY pitch, will hum a Bb!! (Learned this in a music class at college)

        • Re: (Score:4, Insightful)

          by farmy4700 ( 719453 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:34AM (#8880728)
          I have actually used the hum of the florecent lights to tune my banjo before.
          • Re: (Score:5, Funny)

            by WinDoze ( 52234 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:49AM (#8880904)
            A banjo is better tuned with a hammer. (Sorry... my wife plays banjo)
            • Re: (Score:5, Funny)

              by daeley ( 126313 ) * on Friday April 16, 2004 @11:11AM (#8881154) Homepage
              A banjo is better tuned with a hammer.

              Are you referring to a tuning hammer or to one you might find in, say, a hardware store? I guess it depends on how good a banjo player your wife is!

              (Sorry... my wife plays banjo)

              Ooooh, so much for that.
          • Re: (Score:5, Interesting)

            by clarkcox3 ( 194009 ) <slashdot@clarkcox.com> on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:51AM (#8880945) Homepage
            <nit> Then your banjo was out of tune. 60Hz is actually closer to B-natural, the B-flat in that octave is actually 58.27 Hz (assuming a tempered A 440 tuning), while B-naturral is 61.74 Hz. </nit>
        • by ThosLives ( 686517 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:40AM (#8880802) Journal
          The interesting thing is that in the US things are emitting tones at 120 Hz, not 60. (however, there is a Bb at ~116Hz and a B at ~123 Hz, so calling this a Bb is still pretty close). Since the current reverses direction *twice* per cycle, metal in transformers, etc. expands and contracts *twice* per cycle, generating sound at twice the current frequency. For more information, see this link on magnetostriction [gsu.edu]
          • by red floyd ( 220712 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @11:05AM (#8881091)
            When you double the frequency, it's the same note - just one octave higher.

            i.e. if 60Hz is Bb, so is 120, 240, 480, etc....
          • Interesting side effect of the difference in AC power frequencies between US (60 Hz) and Europe (50 Hz). I recall reading about a study that asked groups of participants to mediate and then collectively hum a tone of "primal unity"

            The USian group centred on a B-flat (multiple of 60 Hz), while the Europeans centred on an A-natural (multiple of 50 Hz).

            Hardly qualifies as a controlled study. But still suggestive that the background EMF frequency and device hum has some unconcious influence on the psyche?

        • Back in the navy, I spent many-a-midwatch on an aircraft carrier standing next to 60Hz, 4160V power panels, playing slow harmonica melodies on top of that 60Hz hum. :-)
      • by Mateito ( 746185 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:45AM (#8880862) Homepage
        > Maybe that's why music soothes the soul. I mean,
        > if the whole universe has the shape of a sound
        > producing "horn".. (I know, the subject said
        > "funnel" but the body says "horn" and I'm a
        > brass player)

        I am also a brass player*. But that doesn't stop me imagining that the Universe is the shape of an erect penis.

        Adds a whole new meaning to the "big bang".

        Also explains what the unverse was created in 7 seconds.

        *Technically not, I play Sax, which any Trumpet playing purist well tell you is a woodwind instrument, even though its not made out of wood.
        • by The Only Druid ( 587299 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @11:22AM (#8881263)
          I'm just asking for an offtopic mod here, but I'd just like to chime in on something:

          A sax is a woodwind, as I'm sure you know, because its sound originates in the wooden reed in the mouthpeice (just like other woodwinds like clarinets and oboes, both of whose bodies can be wood, plastic or other materials), whereas all brass instruments have their sound originate in a brass or otherwise metallic mouthpeice.

          This is the same reason that a piano is considered a string instrument (since the sound originates in the vibrating string) as opposed to a percussion instrument (due to the hammers inside that hit the strings) even though it mechanically seems similar to the xylophone.
  • by twanvl ( 567252 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:13AM (#8880485) Journal
    Last year it was a dodecahedron, this year a funnel, what's it going to be next year?
  • Comment removed (Score:5, Interesting)

    by account_deleted ( 4530225 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:13AM (#8880486)
    Comment removed based on user account deletion
    • by Linux-based-robots ( 660980 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:16AM (#8880519) Journal
      I assume by shape scientists mean the curvature of the space-time topology, outside of which nothing exists. Kinda like a quake map, where you turn off clipping and go outside of it nothing exists but you can still say what the map is "shaped" like.
      • by Torgo's Pizza ( 547926 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:21AM (#8880581) Homepage Journal
        So that big old guy dressed in white with the beard turned on "God" mode? It's all beginning to make sense now...
    • by harks ( 534599 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:16AM (#8880522)
      From what I've read, the universe is in three dimensions what the earth is in two: It is finite in size but has no boundary. Going in one direction long enough will bring you back to where you started.
    • by cybermace5 ( 446439 ) <g.ryan@macetech.com> on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:18AM (#8880542) Homepage Journal
      How can the universe, the sum of everything which exists, have shape? What, then, is outside this funnel? Isn't it infinitely large by definition?

      It might be seemingly infinite in three dimensions, but imagine two-dimenional topology mapped onto a ball. You could go seemingly infinitely in a single direction. Yet the ball has a finite volume. Now apply this to dimension over three....

      As for what's outside the universe, there can be only one answer:

      Lost socks.
      • So, to build a time machine capable of traveling into the past, I need only surround the "vehicle" with an incredible mass worth of unmated socks?

        Is it dangerous, do I risk tearing a hole in the very fabric of spacetime itself?
    • by hcg50a ( 690062 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:32AM (#8880705) Journal
      "What is the universe" and "What is the shape of the universe" are two different questions.

      I don't think the universe being discussed is "everything that exists".

      The shape being discussed is more technically the shape (or topological character) of the geometry of the universe we find ourselves in.

      There are many kinds of shapes that are possible, some "space filling" and some not. (I am sure there is a more correct technical term from topology to describe "space filling".)

      The question of shape does not address what's in the gaps if it's not space-filling.

      In the Star Trek, Euclidean world, the universe is flat, the speed of light appears to be essentially infinite and there is also no physical limit to speed, and simultaneity holds.

      This is clearly not the case in our universe, and locally, it's not even flat, but positively curved.

      The overally curvature has been debated ever since Einstein released General Relativity, and the answer seems to vacillate between flat and negatively curved.

      The article is discussing the simplest kind of negative curvature, but it is taking the discussion to extremes that I have not seen discussed before.

      The trumpet shape being discussed is a two-dimensional analog of the actual case in our universe, and is clearly not space-filling.
      • by SilverSun ( 114725 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @11:09AM (#8881132) Homepage
        I don't think the universe being discussed is "everything that exists".

        Oh yes, that's what they talk about indeed.

        ..some "space filling" and some not..

        No, there is no "space outside the universe" that
        migt get filled. It is a question of space-time
        "curvature". A manifold does not need to be embeded
        in a higher dimensional space to have a curvature.


        The question of shape does not address what's in the gaps if it's not space-filling.

        there are no "gaps"


        The article is discussing the simplest kind of negative curvature

        ...which is still possible in the light of WMAP
        measurements. The simplest form of negative
        curvature is the "pringle" (or more common: "saddle")


        The trumpet shape being discussed is a two-dimensional analog of the actual case in our universe, and is clearly not space-filling.

        because it is a two-dimensional shape embeded in
        a three-dimensional space. The universe, i.e. space-time is (most likely) not embeded in a higher dimensional space. (That is even true if
        your name is Witten and your space-time has 11 dimensions, still, it is not embeded somewhere)

        Cheers

    • by dcsmith ( 137996 ) * on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:36AM (#8880749)
      For enlightenment, please read Flatland [alcyone.com] by Edwin A. Abbott. A very interesting way to conceptualize life in one, two and four-dimensional worlds.
    • by stevelinton ( 4044 ) <sal@dcs.st-and.ac.uk> on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:39AM (#8880786) Homepage
      You can determine the "shape" of a piece of space from inside it. Let me drop down one dimension and consider the shapes of surfaces. We all know that the angles at the corners of a triangle add up to 180 degreed. This, however is only actually true, when you draw your triangle on a truly flat surface. On a curved surface such as that of the Earth, the angles will add up to MORE THAN 180 degrees. Consider, for example a triangle with one vertex at the N pole, and two 90 degrees apart on the equator, with its edges made of great circles (the appropriate analogue of a straight line). All THREE angles of this triangle are right angles.

      In fact, on a sphere of radius R, the sum of the angles exceeds 180 degrees by 180/pi * A/r^2, where A is the area of the triangle.

      On a saddle-shaped surface, the angles of a triangle are always LESS THAN 180 degrees in a similar way.

      Building on these ideas, you can define a precise notion of the shape of a surface entirely from INSIDE the surface, and extend it up to three dimensions (or more) dimensions. This is what the cosmologists are talking about when they talk about the "shape" of the universe.

    • A good parallel to understand is if you were an ant living on the surface of a basketball. Your travels can go in any direction at any point, as if you were on a plane. If you had no memory, you may not noticed that when you travelled you were visiting places you had already been and you might think that you lived on a plane. In fact, the outside observer can see that your universe is curved.

      If you haven't read Flatland [upenn.edu] it is a gem that illustrates these notions of higher-dimenstional space wonderfully.
    • Basically, the shape of the universe determines what happens to "parallel" lines as they stretch across huge distances.

      The universe is not infinitely large by definition. General relativity describes how the size and age of the universe are related and quite possibly finite. This relates to the "big bang" and the question of whether it will be followed by a "big crunch."

      Inside and outside are terms that only have meaning when you divide the universe into parts. When talking about the universe, as you p
    • by tyler_larson ( 558763 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @11:33AM (#8881368) Homepage
      By and large, science is all about making conclusions about what something is by observing how it behaves.

      Whether or not the universe actually is curved or flat or banana-shaped is really immaterial. All we really care about is what we can observe, and more importantly, what we can expect to observe in the future. If rules and laws and principles we come up with accurately predict how objects, forces, etc. will interact in the future, then those laws are "correct" as far as we know and as far as we care. Newton's laws of motion and Einstein's laws of relativity are both considered "correct" even though they contradict eachother. They're correct because they can be used to accurately predict the future.

      After all, when you drawing out your calculations for how to send a monkey to Mars, it really doesn't matter what shape the universe is if you know for certain that it at least behaves as if its shaped like a donut. Your donut-based calculations will still get chimpy to Mars--and it's the results you're after.

      As our perception increases, we notice that our existing models do not adequately describe the reality we observe. So we come up with another (probably much more odd) model that describes the results we see, but that still agrees with the results we've previously attributed to the old model. The new model is considered "correct" and the old model is still considered useful.

      • by billstewart ( 78916 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @03:08PM (#8884742) Journal
        Sure, science cares about observing how things behave, but it does that in the context of making hypotheses about what's really going on, which go way beyond what we expect to actually be able to observe.


        Sometimes the universe just misbehaves and fails to cooperate with your theories, which is when science gets to be fun - either your theories are thoroughly bogus, or they're slightly incorrect approximations, and this influences whether your previous models are or are not useful.

  • by Tibor the Hun ( 143056 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:14AM (#8880498)
    If it is shaped like a funnel, does it point up -- like a Dunce Hat, or down -- like a toilet bowl?
  • Um (Score:3, Insightful)

    by Anonymous Coward on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:15AM (#8880504)
    ...our Universe is

    As opposed to the other universe that somebody else owns.
  • by dmccarty ( 152630 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:15AM (#8880505)
    Does that have something to do with the shape of Patrick Stewart's bald head?
  • by KevinKnSC ( 744603 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:16AM (#8880523)
    Clearly, what the universe needs is an Elizabethan adventure on the holodeck!
  • by WormholeFiend ( 674934 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:17AM (#8880532)
    more stuff to ponder during stoner trips...

    "hey man, did you know the whole universe is shaped like my bong?"

    "no waaaaaaaaay! does that mean you could use it to get high?"

  • by base_chakra ( 230686 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:18AM (#8880547)
    ...is of course named for the pointy hats Picard used to wear to crack up Wharf.
  • Well then (Score:5, Funny)

    by FS1 ( 636716 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:18AM (#8880548)
    If the universe is shaped like a horn, curved like a pringle, and named after Jean-Luke Picard.
    Then it is all my favorites rolled into one.
    The universe blows, is made out of mashed potatoes, and is named after someone i look up to.

    Sorry couldn't help myself.
  • by CaptnMArk ( 9003 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:21AM (#8880573)
    Eat your heart out Kirk!
  • Why Classify? (Score:5, Informative)

    by Sentosus ( 751729 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:21AM (#8880578)
    Why do we continue to classify the shape of the Universe? Realistically, if we can not define the shape by placing it within a totally viewable package, it because useless to define it by something that we are unable to classify. Funnel? We see the outside of the funnel so that we can define the shape, but from the interior, it is just a curved or flat plane that we can only recognize by viewing from an all emcompassing view external.

    Since we have no proof of anything beyond the Universe, this is just a chasing of a simple definition. Without the Universe in a 3D viewable environment and being just IT, then we can't define the shape meaningfully.

    Think of it like this, we could say the work was flat, but it was not till we were able to look at it from an external view. Think being about 4 miles deep in the Earth and attempting to define the shape of the Earth.

    Anyway, I shall crawl back in my hole and wait for those much smarter than me to put me in my place. :-P
    • Re:Why Classify? (Score:3, Interesting)

      by TwistedGreen ( 80055 )
      Why couldn't an object have only one side?
    • Re:Why Classify? (Score:5, Informative)

      by tommck ( 69750 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:28AM (#8880655) Homepage
      We see the outside of the funnel so that we can define the shape, but from the interior, it is just a curved or flat plane that we can only recognize by viewing from an all emcompassing view external.
      ...

      Without the Universe in a 3D viewable environment and being just IT, then we can't define the shape meaningfully.


      Umm... we proved that the world is round based on an "internal" view...

      Do you think Ptolemy went up in a space capsule to see the shape of the earth before he told everyone it's round?? In 250 BC, Eratosthenes had calculated the size of the earth to within 10% of its actual size.

      None of that was done "externally".

      Anyway, I shall crawl back in my hole and wait for those much smarter than me to put me in my place. :-P

      I like to think that I did just that ;)
    • Re:Why Classify? (Score:4, Insightful)

      by theLOUDroom ( 556455 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:33AM (#8880718)
      Think of it like this, we could say the work was flat, but it was not till we were able to look at it from an external view.

      But, that's the thing, scholars knew the earth was round long before were able to see it from space, and long before Colombus made his first voyage. They were able to observe the effects of its shape.
      They noticed the horizon, celestial activitiy, etc.

      The same types of observations we would use to determine the shape of the universe.

      For a geometrical argument:
      Say you were able to precisely measure your own motion relitive to a starting point. As you traveled around the earth you would realize you were traveling on a curved surface, and after one trip around the world, you would decide it was a sphere. After two different trips, an oblate spheroid.
      At the end of this, you've determined the shape of the earth without ever leaving it.
    • Re:Why Classify? (Score:3, Insightful)

      by lone_knight ( 771218 )
      Developing a Theory on the shape of the Universe may help explain questions in other Theories, such as "strange background radiation" as mentioned in the original post.

      It also helps explain why Captain Picard got laid so often. "Hey, baby, your talkin' to the guy they named the Universe after..."

      As to your example about being 4 miles deep in the Earth, even though you may not be able to "see" the outer surface of the planet, you could still use seismic observation to map the size and shape of the earth f
    • Re:Why Classify? (Score:4, Interesting)

      by Anonymous Coward on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:56AM (#8880983)
      Why do we continue to classify the shape of the Universe?

      Because knowing more about the universe allows us to narrow down the possibilities of existence. For instance, if this new story is actually the case, it means that the universe is finite. So far there has been no real evidence that the universe is finite, leaving open the possibility that the universe is infinite. (i'm talking the universe here, not just our hubble volume)

      If the universe is infinite, you necessarily have an infinite number of identical copies of you, living exactly the same life you are. You can even make a rough estimate about literally how far you are away from your nearest "twin". (s/he is 10^(10^28) metres away from you) Read the article at scientific american. It is online somewhere, but here is the abstract [sciam.com]

      See how physics is so closely tied to philosophy? That's why physics used to be called "natural philosophy". Knowing more about the universe allows us to...well, know more about the universe, and hence, the philosophical implications.

      Knowledge is good.

      cheers!
    • Re:Why Classify? (Score:5, Informative)

      by bradkittenbrink ( 608877 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:56AM (#8880988) Homepage Journal

      Since we have no proof of anything beyond the Universe, this is just a chasing of a simple definition. Without the Universe in a 3D viewable environment and being just IT, then we can't define the shape meaningfully.

      I'm not a mathematician, but my roommate was and he explained this to me once. These descriptions do not require anything beyond the observable universe to exist, they are merely technical statements comparing the characteristics of our universe to a flat euclidean universe, which are conveniently (confusingly) worded to sound like visual descriptions. The statement "the universe is shaped like a funnel" is still meaningful in that sense, even though no one can ever view the universe from the 4 dimensional perspective that would be required to actually see a funnel shape.

    • Re:Why Classify? (Score:3, Informative)

      by merlin_jim ( 302773 )
      Since we have no proof of anything beyond the Universe, this is just a chasing of a simple definition. Without the Universe in a 3D viewable environment and being just IT, then we can't define the shape meaningfully.

      Contrarily, there are simple experiments we can do (and have done) to determine the shape of the universe. For instance, let's assume that you and I are two dimensional creatures living on the surface of a sphere. The sphere is very large, and you and I believe it to be infinite in all direc
    • Some physcists such as Alan Lasserby suggest [216.239.53.104] mysterious forces can be explained by slight pertubations of Euclidean geometry on a universe-size scale. This could explain the anti-gravity force called "dark energy". Its thought to compromise 70% the "stuff" in the universe, but obliviated by a geometric explanation.
  • by SmackCrackandPot ( 641205 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:22AM (#8880587)
    If you turn the picture sideways, it really looks like the space-time distortion caused by an extremely massive object, like a black hole. This reminds me of the theories that the universe is inside a black hole. The apparent expansion of the universe would be caused by the stretching of the space-time continuum.

    So, could you have black holes embedded inside the distorted space of another (huge) black hole (almost fractally?).
    • by Genady ( 27988 ) <gary.rogers@ma[ ]om ['c.c' in gap]> on Friday April 16, 2004 @11:17AM (#8881209)
      Remember though that the arrangement inside a blackhole is that of maximal entropy. No matter how you shake a blackhole it can't get any more disordered. Looking around the universe over time it's obvious that it is not in a state of maximal entropy, if it were time wouldn't appear to flow.

      Now... our Universe could be just another 3brane in a larger multi-verse of multi-branes. There's nothing that says that a braneworld has to have a certain level of entropy, or that the levels of entropy can't change over time.
  • Comment removed (Score:3, Insightful)

    by account_deleted ( 4530225 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:23AM (#8880602)
    Comment removed based on user account deletion
    • According to current theory, there is no outside of the universe.

      That is, it's not just, that there is nothing outside of the universe, but "outside of the universe" itself doesn't exist.
  • by Glamdrlng ( 654792 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:23AM (#8880605)
    "So we have determined that the universe is actually shaped like a giant cosmic donut."
    "Mmmmmmm, universe..."
  • by wjzhu ( 712748 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:24AM (#8880612) Journal
    While I respect all the hardwork at detecting various scientific evidences and dreaming up models to fit the data, there is always the reality that, upon finding a tooth, people will glamorize the whole enterprise by drawing up a whole mammoth, and tell you the entire history of that mammoth and what color its eyes are, ... Then the public will be so enamor with the whole story that they forgot what part is fact, what part is fiction, and what part is marketing techniques.
  • My God (Score:3, Funny)

    by BigBadBus ( 653823 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:24AM (#8880616) Homepage
    This explains why the Universe has turned out the way it has - its shaped like a rectum!
  • Symmetry (Score:3, Interesting)

    by eclectic4 ( 665330 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:24AM (#8880620)
    "At the other end, the horn flares out, but not for ever - if you could fly towards the flared end in a spaceship, at some point you would find yourself flying back in on the other side of the horn."

    and... "At an extreme enough point, you would be able to see the back of your own head."

    This is an example of symmetry, something that is paramount in keeping when explaining shapes of the Universe. Just had to point this out...
  • by FreeLinux ( 555387 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:25AM (#8880624)
    Slashdot loves these guessing games, doesn't it?

    Slashdot says; the universe is shaped like a doughnut [slashdot.org]
    Slashdot says; universe is shaped like a soccer ball [slashdot.org]

    I say; the universe is shaped like a /. [slashdot.org] Prove me wrong.
    • Re:A funnel now? (Score:5, Interesting)

      by Feanturi ( 99866 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @11:11AM (#8881157)
      The article made me think of this gem:

      'Alright,' said Ford, 'imagine this. Right. You get this bath. Right. A large round bath. And it's made of ebony.'
      'Where from?' said Arthur, 'Harrods was destroyed by the Vogons.'
      'Doesn't matter.'
      'So you keep saying.'
      'Listen.'
      'Alright.'
      'You get this bath, see? Imagine you've got this bath. And it's ebony. And it's conical.'
      'Conical?' said Arthur, 'What sort of...'
      'Shhh!' said Ford. 'It's conical. So what you do is, you see, you fill it with fine white sand, alright? Or sugar. Fine white sand, and/or sugar. Anything. Doesn't matter. Sugar's fine. And when it's full, you pull the plug out... are you listening?'
      'I'm listening.'
      'You pull the plug out, and it all just twirls away, twirls away you see, out of the plughole.'
      'I see.'
      'You don't see. You don't see at all. I haven't got to the clever bit yet. You want to hear the clever bit?'
      'Tell me the clever bit.'
      Ford thought for a moment, trying to remember what the clever bit was.
      'The clever bit,' he said, 'is this. You film it happening.'
      'Clever,' agreed Arthur.
      'You get a movie camera, and you film it happening.'
      'Clever.'
      'That's not the clever bit. This is the clever bit, I remember now that this is the clever bit. The clever bit is that you then thread the film in the projector... backwards!'
      'Backwards?'
      'Yes. Threading it backwards is definitely the clever bit. So then, you just sit and watch it, and everything just appears to spiral upwards out of the plughole and fill the bath. See?'
      'And that's how the Universe began is it?' said Arthur.
      'No,' said Ford, 'but it's a marvelous way to relax.'
  • mmm, donuts (Score:3, Interesting)

    by gobbo ( 567674 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:25AM (#8880630) Journal
    Whatever happened to the theory (IANAP) that the universe, at least as described by our limited understanding of dimensions, was shaped like a toroid? I seem to recall this as a popular (as in popular science) theory a decade ago.
  • by stratjakt ( 596332 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:27AM (#8880644) Journal
    STUDENT: Professor, what is the Universe shaped like?

    PROF: Ummm, a big horn. Next question.

    STUDENT: Professor, what causes cancer?

    PROF: Umm, breadsticks.

    STUDENT: Professor, is Linux going to take over the desktop this year?

    PROF: Umm, yeah sure.

    DONT YOU BELIEVE IT!
  • One end is infinitely long, but so narrow that it has a finite volume.
    Could someone who is mathematically-inclined help me with this? How can comething be infinitely long in one of its dimensions without having an infinite volume?
    John Sauter (J_Sauter@Empire.Net)
    • by call -151 ( 230520 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:39AM (#8880775) Homepage
      There are plenty of ways that something can be infinite in extent yet have finite volume. The point that just because you are adding up infinitely many things, you do not necessarily get an infinite sum. For example, 1/2+1/4+1/8+1/16+... is an infinite sum which converges to 1, or a repeating decimal like .33333 can be thought of as 3/10 + 3/100 + 3/1000 + ... which converges to 1/3. For volume, we can imagine a horn-shaped region which gets skinnier as we move along, so the first meter of length may have volume 1/2, the next meter may have volume 1/4, and so on. It will be infinitely long yet have a finite total volume of 1.

      There are plenty of examples of phenomena such as this illustrated in a standard calculus text, so you can look for more details there.
    • by maxwell demon ( 590494 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:49AM (#8880909) Journal
      Well, it's quite easy. Let's go one dimension lower, and think about an in one direction infinitely long strip of paper (like an toilet paper strip that begins somewhere but never ends), which is getting narrower fast enough.

      On the first meter, it has, say, an area of one square meter (yes, that's quite large for toilet paper :-)). But since it's getting narrower, on the next meter, it just has an area of 1/2 square meter. On the next meter, it's area is just 1/4 square meter, and so on, on each meter half the area of the previous meter.

      Now, how large is the total area? Well, let's look at it (I'm ommiting the square meter unit for brevity):

      The first meter has, as I said, an area of 1.
      The first 2 meters have an area of 1+1/2 = 1.5.
      The first 3 meters have an area of 1+1/2+1/4 = 1.75. ...
      The first 10 meters have an area of 1+1/2+...+1/512 = 0.998046875. ...

      As you see, as you add up the area meter by meter, the total area gets arbitrary close to 2, without ever reaching it. Therefore the total area is just 2 square meters.

      Or to see it differently: When cutting the first meter off, the resulting strip looks exactly the same, just half as narrow. Therefore it has half the area of the original strip, the other half being the cut off first meter, which, as we know, has one square meter. Therefore the whole area is 2 square meters, which clearly is finite.
  • Look at the data (Score:4, Insightful)

    by Effugas ( 2378 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:34AM (#8880724) Homepage
    Hmmm. The big bang posits a long period of time where everything is compressed, followed by an explosion which flares stuff out in all directions.

    A long thin period, followed by a huge flare...that is sort of the shape of a trumpet. These are the guys who tell us that distance equals time, too...not to pretend to be a cosmologist, but isn't it possible that we're seeing a trumpet shaped universe because our input data (i.e. energy) followed a trumpet-shaped distribution curve over time?
    • Re:Look at the data (Score:3, Interesting)

      by Surazal ( 729 )
      Not quite... they're talking in strictly spacial terms. When they say the Universe is shaped like a trumpet, they mean literally like a trumpet.

      Yours was my first impression too until I read the first few paragraphs.
  • Klein Bottle (Score:3, Interesting)

    by jmpoast ( 736629 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:39AM (#8880780)
    Maybe the universe is shaped like a klein bottle? The curvature at the end would be similar to the 'horn' model and it would explain the 'turning around' that allegedly occurs at the edge of the horn. Just trying to imagine traveling in a klein bottle is making my head hurt though.
  • by MouseR ( 3264 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:40AM (#8880796) Homepage
    Must have been something more like a "Big Hoot".
  • by WoodenRobot ( 726910 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:44AM (#8880847) Homepage
    In the model, technically called a Picard topology, the Universe curves in a strange way.

    In the begining was the words, and they were "Make it so"...
  • by HorsePunchKid ( 306850 ) <sns@severinghaus.org> on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:45AM (#8880854) Homepage
    I've ranted here before about the shoddy reporting that the New Scientist does. It's very curious to me that the only matches on Google [google.com] for "Picard topology" are from this article. Can anyone shed some light on this situation? Picard groups [wolfram.com] are certainly well-known enough. If nothing else, it's something to be skeptical about. Is this really so new that nobody has ever mentioned in on the web, or is it just poor terminology? (Note that one of the scientists is quoted as using that term, but it's phrased in a way that makes it sound like the reporter put words in his mouth.)
    • by Anonymous Coward
      Check out the actual article, the "Picard" topology is named after E. Picard who proposed it (presumably in 1884, ref 18).

      http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0403/0403 59 7.pdf
    • How very strange - my Google search came up with several references to the Picard Theorem's from Laboratoire Emile Picard. Of course, these were in French, so perhaps filtering is to blame.
  • Picard (Score:4, Informative)

    by tverbeek ( 457094 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:52AM (#8880947) Homepage
    named after a Star Trek character.

    This is just a hunch, but I bet "Picard topology" is named after Emile, not Jean Luc.

  • Ah the geeky irony. (Score:3, Informative)

    by BobRooney ( 602821 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @10:53AM (#8880963) Homepage
    If they are, then our Universe is curved like a Pringle, shaped like a horn, and named after a Star Trek character. You could not make it up.
    For those who didn't RTFA, the name for the topological structure suggested is the "Picard Curve". Its no Dyson sphere, but it is the universe...
  • by prof_bart ( 637876 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @11:12AM (#8881163)
    So here is the deal:

    What do we mean by the topology of the Universe?

    We sort of mean the 'shape'. It is easy to talk about 2 dimensional surfaces in a three dimensional universe - planes, spheres, funnels, etc. But the Universe has 3 (large) dimensions, not 2, so it is much harder. Normally, we think of the universe as a 3 dimensional equivalent to a plane - that is, in space, straight lines are straight, never curve back on themselves, and go on forever. Another common topologies which arise naturally from gravity theory are 'spherical' - where parallel lines eventually cross, and you can see the back of your head. The group in questions is proposing that the Universe is a 3d analog to the surface of a horn. Others have proposed 3d analogs to the surface of a doughnut....

    How can one possibly determine what this shape is?

    If the Universe is actually curved in some way, then light coming from distant objects will be bent on its way to us, distorting the images. For the global topology of the Universe, one wants to use the largest, most distant thing you can look at. The Universe is expanding and cooling. Light takes time to travel, so if you look far enought away, you can look far enough back in time to when the whole Universe was filled with a hot H-He plasma. This is called the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Most recent topology studies have looked at the statistics of the fluctuations of this distant plasma for distortion in the image from what is predicted.

    So, is this true?

    Could be.... but the evidence is not compelling. The anomalies they are looking at are of rather low statistical significance, and the idea that the universe is just 'straight/flat' and boring still fits pretty well. And unfortunately, for the large scale stuff, the data isn't going to get any better. The problem is, we only have one Universe, and COBE and WMAP have measured the large scales as well as can be measured. The small scale distortions have more potential given upcoming experiments like Planck, and the WMAP year2 data.

  • by abomb77z ( 717175 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @11:38AM (#8881430)
    Already posted by someone, but in an obscure place.

    http://xxx.uni-augsburg.de/abs/astro-ph/0403597 [uni-augsburg.de]

    Shows you that you really need to know what you are talking about if you want to make an intelligent comment about this paper.

  • by Zapdos ( 70654 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @11:49AM (#8881550)
    Why are we always so horny?

  • by spectecjr ( 31235 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @12:37PM (#8882191) Homepage
    Take the big bang. Infinitesimal point.

    Explode that shape over time.

    Now look at it four dimensionally...

    Surely you end up with an r^2 curve rotated through 3 dimensions, with r on the time axis... ... which looks exactly like a horn.
  • by ralphclark ( 11346 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @12:43PM (#8882318) Journal
    In "Eternity", the sequel to "Eon", Ser Olmy returns to 21st(?) century Earth having taken a *very* long round trip via the opposite end of the universe - which turns out incidentally to have been be horn shaped - in the traditional sense of a curved or rolled up tube with a wide bell-like flaring at one end.

    So there.
  • Paper Reference (Score:4, Informative)

    by SiliconEntity ( 448450 ) on Friday April 16, 2004 @01:01PM (#8882697)
    The scientific paper is available from the physics e-Print archive [arxiv.org]. According to the abstract:

    We analyse the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) in hyperbolic universes possessing a non-trivial topology with a fundamental cell having an infinitely long horn. The aim of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, we show that the horned topology does not lead to a flat spot in the CMB sky maps in the direction of the horn as stated in the literature. On the other hand, we demonstrate that a horned topology having a finite volume does explain the suppression of the lower multipoles in the CMB anisotropy as observed by COBE and WMAP.

    And by the way, it's named after Emile Picard from 1884, not Jean-Luc from the 25th century.

One way to make your old car run better is to look up the price of a new model.

Working...